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Unit 1 - First Ppls
8th Grade Social Studies
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Artifact | This is an object that has been made by humans that has cultural or historical significance. |
| Astrolabe | This made it possible for sailors to determine the positions of stars and figure out latitude at sea. |
| Bartolomeu Dias | In 1488, he was able to reach the southern tip of Africa. He was forced to turn around by his sailors who were terrified by the bad weather. |
| Beringia | This was a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska. Currently underwater, the land bridge was walkable during the Ice Age. The First Americans likely utilized the land bridge in some way to gradually migrate to the Americas. |
| Caravel | This was a ship that could sail more closely to the wind, and thus around Africa. |
| Christopher Columbus | Columbus was an Italian explorer who landed in a “New World.” Columbus would take four voyages to the New World; however, he never recognized that he had found a new land. He was a brutal leader and abuser of Native Americans. |
| Clovis Peoples | These were people who migrated through the Bering land bridge 13,300 to 12,800 years ago. They hunted mammoth and they were known for their flint spearheads |
| The Columbian Exchange | When Europeans came in contact with the Americas it marked the start of an extensive exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the two areas of the world. |
| Compass | This was an instrument that provided a needle that always pointed north. |
| Cultural area | This is a geographical area that has a number of societies that have the similar characteristics. They might have similar homes, clothing, or food. |
| The Eastern Hemisphere | This section of the world includes Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. |
| Indigenous | This refers to a group of people (or plants) who are native to a particular area. |
| Indigenous Peoples Day | This is a holiday that was created to honor Native Americans - their history and their culture. |
| Jamestown | This was the first permanent English settlement in America. Founded in 1607, it was mainly settled by unprepared Englishmen, and it struggled in its early years. |
| John Smith | He was an English adventurer who came to the Americas and helped to found the colony of Jamestown. He encouraged the survival of the colony and documented much of the colony’s struggles |
| The Mayflower Compact | This was an agreement signed between the Pilgrims and non-Pilgrims just before they reached land. In the compact, they created a set of laws that they would all follow |
| Migrate | This means to move from one place to another. |
| Native Americans of California | This group collected food by hunting, fishing, and collecting wild plants. Acorn flour was essential. They lived in permanent villages and their housing varied depending on the environment in the area. |
| Native Americans of the Great Basin | This group were more nomadic. They were constantly searching for food - mainly seeds and root plants. They built simple houses made with grass and reed mats. They caught animals using traps and made detailed woven baskets. |
| Native Americans of the Great Plains | This group became nomadic after the Spanish brought horses to the Americas. They originally grew beans and squash, however, they hunted more buffalo later. They also began to live in teepees and their clothing was made from buffalo and deer. |
| Native Americans of the Northeast | This group build large longhouses for their shelter. They hunted, gathered, and grew crops including corn, beans and pumpkins. Their clothing was made from animal skin. |
| Native Americans of the Northwest Coast | This group had many food sources, and were able to fish salmon, collect shellfish, and hunt seals and land mammals like deer, moose, and bear. They built totem poles. These were carved sculptures that represent stories and symbols. |
| Native Americans of the Plateau | This group built permanent villages in the winter and traveled in the summer with teepees. They wore blankets made of rabbit fur and they build canoes and fished. Their winter houses were built partially underground. |
| Native Americans of the Southeast | This group was agricultural and grew squash, beans and corn along with hunting and fishing. They lived in small villages located in river valleys and built circular houses with sloping thatch roofs. They wore leggings and robes of fur. |
| Native Americans of the Southwest | This group was agricultural. They grew corn, beans and squash. They also built houses made of stone and adobe (sun-dried) clay. The Navajo made round earthen houses and Pueblo ceremonies involved praying for rain, as they lived in a dry climate. |
| Pilgrims | These were English settlers who fled to the Americas on the Mayflower seeking religious freedom. They settled in the Plymouth Colony. |
| Plymouth | This was the second English colony in North America. It was founded in 1620 by Pilgrims and a group of workers. |
| Pocahontas | She was a Native American woman known for her friendship with members of the Jamestown colony. She married an English settler named John Rolfe, and traveled to England where she died. |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | He was a sponsor of much of the early exploration from Portugal. He also was also the founder of the African slave trade. |
| Tisquantum (Squanto) | Member of the Patuxet nation. He was kidnapped and brought to Spain and England. Returned home years later, he found that he Introduced the Plymouth settlers to the beaver trade and showed them how to grow native crops. |
| Theory | This is a well researched explanation of some aspect of the natural world. A theory is considered to be a reliable account of the world and not a guess. |
| Vasco da Gama | In 1498, Vasco da Gama sailed around southern Africa and continued on to India. By doing so, he had established a direct sea route to India. |
| The Wampanoag Native Americans | The Wampanoag are a Native American nation that lived along the coastline of Cape Cod. |
| The Western Hemisphere | This half of the world includes North and South America. |
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