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FSOT - Full Stack
FSOT Full Stack
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hobbes writing | -Leviathan - social contract theory. Argues for rule by absolute sovereign. Strong central gov. |
| Voltair (main ideas) | -Man is good and reasonable. Masses and majority rule are dangerous. Government is a necessary evil. Strong enlightened monarch with limited powers. Believes in religious freedom and freedom of thought. |
| Rousseau writing | -Discourse on inequalityThe Social Contract - inspired reforms in Europe and France. Monarchs suck. Only people can rule. |
| Rousseau (main ideas) | -Human nature is basically good. Society corrupts people. Social contract = agreement to go with majority rule + give up some freedoms in exchange for order. Ruler carries out the will of the people. |
| Locke writing | -Two Treaties of Government - natural rights |
| Lock (main ideas) | -Man is reasonable and cooperative. People try to protect their rights - leads to disorder. Ruler is chosen by people to protect their natural rights: life, liberty, property. Limited government is best. Rebellion is okay if leader is a tyrant. |
| Montesquieu writing | -Spirit of the Laws |
| Montesquieu (main ideas) | -All people are greedy for power. People will abuse power…majorities are dangerous. Separation of powers and checks and balances to prevent abuse of power. |
| autocracy | -a political theory favoring unlimited authority by a single individual |
| republic | -a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them |
| Plutocracy | -a political system governed by the wealthy people |
| Federal Government | -a form of government in which powers are divided between a central government and several local governments |
| Specified (AKA Expressed of Enumerated) Powers | -powers that Congress has that are specifically listed in the Constitution |
| Separation of Powers | -Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law |
| Federalism | -a system in which power is divided between the national and state governments |
| Checks and Balances | -A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power |
| Supremacy Clause | -constitutional declaration (Article VI) that the Constitution and laws made under its provisions are the greatest law of the land |
| Reserved Powers | -Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states belong to the states and the people (powers that belong to the states) |
| Exclusive Powers | -powers that can be exercised by the National Government alone |
| Concurrent Powers | -Powers that the Constitution gives to both the national and state governments, such as the power to levy taxes. |
| Preamble | -Introduction to the Constitution |
| Limited Government | -basic principle of American government which states that government is restricted in what it may do, and each individual has rights that government cannot take away |
| Popular Sovereignty | -The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government |
| Federalists | -supporters of the stronger central govt. who advocated the ratification of the new constitution. Madison, Hamilton, jay. |
| Anti-Federalists | -opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states. Patrick Henry. Cato and Brutus. Clinton Yates Bryan. They were concerned that the constitution didn' |
| Government | -the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies |
| Legislative Power | -the power to make a law and to frame public policies |
| Executive Power | -the power to execute, enforce, and administer law |
| Judicial Power | -the power to interpret laws, to determine their meaning, and to settle disputes that arise within the society |
| Constitution | -The body of fundamental laws setting out the principles, structures, and processes of a government |
| Compromise | -an adjustment of opposing principles or systems by modifying some aspect of each |
| Declaration of Independence | -the document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the British monarch and declared their independence. |
| Radical | -A political ideology that seeks to re-make government into something new |
| Liberal | -A political ideology that seeks to reform government to create fairness |
| Moderate | -Person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies |
| Conservative | -A political ideology that seeks to maintain the current system |
| Reactionary | -A political ideology that wants to change government by going back to the old way |
| Mass Media | -Any communication that reaches a wide (large) audience |
| Opinion Leaders | -Those individuals held in great respect becasue of their position, expertise, or peronsality, who may informally and unintentionally influence others |
| Peer groups | -people with whom one regularly associates, including friends, classmates, neighbors, and co-workers |
| Major party | -A popular party that gets a lot of votes (democrat and republican) |
| Minor party | -one of the political parties not widely supported |
| Party in power | -the party that controls the executive branch of government |
| Partisanship | -government action based on firm allegiance to a political party |
| Bipartisanship | -A policy that emphasizes a united front and cooperation between the major political parties |
| single-member district | -electoral district from which one person is chosen by the voters for each elected office |
| party identification | -a sense of affiliation that a person has with a particular political party |
| straight-ticket voting | -the practice of voting for candidates of only one party in an election |
| split-ticket voting | -voting for candidates of different parties for different offices at the same election |
| nomination | -The official endorsement of a candidate for office by a political party |
| caucus | -a group of like minded people who meet to select candidates they will support |
| convention | -delegates representing part members vote for a candidate to nominate |
| Direct primary | -A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office |
| Electoral College | -the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president |
| Political ideology bell curve | -the curve is in the middle where the most people and most moderate opinions are |
| agents of political socialization | -individuals, organizations, and institutions that influence political attitudes |
| Functions of political parties | -bring people together to achieve control of the government, develop policies favorable to their interests or the groups that support them, and organize and persuade voters to elect their candidates to office |
| Reasons for two party system | -- tradition: the American party system began as a two-party system (the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists) - the electoral system: the basic shape, and many of the details, of the election process work in the direction of a two-party system - America' |
| History of two party system | -the framers of the constitution opposed a two party system, but unintentionally created one by siding with the Federalists (for ratification of the constitution) or Anti-Federalists (against ratification of the constitution) |
| Sociological factors that affect voting choices (generalizations) | -Education (people with high education favor Republican), income and occupation (lower income brackets favor Democrat and higher income brackets Republican), gender (women favor Democrat and men favor Republican), age (old favor Republican and young favor |
| Reasons for campaign finance laws | -so candidates cannot buy their office and to prevent special interest favors |
| Flaws in the Electoral College system | -Electoral College dictates where and how candidates campaign. All electors are not required to vote as pledged. A third party candidate won't win but could affect outcome. The winner of the popular vote is not always guaranteed the presidency. The electi |
| Ideological parties | -party based on social, economic, or political ideas |
| Single-issue parties | -Parties that concentrate on only one public policy matter |
| Economic protest parties | -Parties rooted in poor economic times, lacking a clear ideological base, dissatisfied with current conditions and demanding better times |
| splinter parties | -Parties that have split away from one of the major parties |
| Original Jurisdiction | -the authority to hear cases for the first time |
| Appellate Jurisdiction | -The authority of a court to review decisions made by lower courts |
| Judicial Review | -the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional |
| Writs of mandamus | -Orders issued by a higher court to a lower court, government official, or government agency to perform acts required by law |
| Judicial Activism | -an interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court) |
| Judicial Restraint | -Philosophy proposing that judges should interpret the Constitution to reflect what the framers intended and what its words literally say. |
| First Amendment | -The constitutional amendment that establishes the four great liberties: freedom of the press, of speech, of religion, and of assembly. |
| Religious Freedom | -a belief that individuals should be free to choose and practice their religious faith and that government should not establish any particular religion as the official or preferred religion |
| Lemon Test | -The three-part test for Establishment Clause cases that a law must pass before it is declared constitutional: it must have a secular purpose; it must neither advance nor inhibit religion; and it must not cause excessive entanglement with religion. |
| Compelling Interest Test | -A method for determining the constitutionality of a statute that restricts the practice of a fundamental right or distinguishes between people due to a suspect classification. In order for the statute to be valid, there must be a compelling governmental |
| Free Speech | -The right to express any opinion in public without censorship or restraint by the government |
| Symbolic Speech | -Using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea |
| Free Press | -a press not restricted or controlled by government censorship regarding politics or ideology |
| Freedom to Assemble | -basic right which is laid down in the constitution and expresses the right for the citizens to gather. |
| Freedom to Petition | -The right of the public to petiton against the government and change, add, or get rid of a law. |
| Discrimination | -unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice |
| 14th Amendment | -This amendment declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were entitled equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels. |
| Equal Protection | -the 14th ammendment states that no person should be denied the same protection of law enjoyed by others |
| Reasonable discrimination | -compelling purpose to treat someone different |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | -the Supreme Court ruled that the segregation of public places facilities was legal as long as the facilites were equal |
| Separate-but-equal Doctrine | -the doctrine established by Plessy v Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities |
| Brown v. Board of Education | -1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal |
| Affirmative Action | -a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities |
| Reverse Discrimination | -discrimination against the majority group (sometimes by giving special treatment to minorities in compensation for past discrimination) |
| UC Regents v. Bakke | -1978 Supreme Court decision holding that state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race |
| Grutter v. Bollinger | -affirmative action case; race could be used as a factor in admissions as long as there was no point system and race was not a major factor; upheld Bakke case |
| Gratz v. Bollinger | -affirmative action case; a point system for admission in which points were given for race was ruled unconstitutional; too much like a quota system; upheld Bakke case |
| Due Process | -principle in the Fifth Amendment stating that the government must follow proper constitutional procedures in trials and in other actions it takes against individuals |
| Procedural due process | -Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power. |
| Substantive due process | -Constitutional requirement that governments act reasonably and that the substance of the laws themselves be fair and reasonable; limits what a government may do. |
| Police Power | -the power to protect and promote the public health, safety, morals, and general welfare; the power to safeguard the well-being of the people of the state |
| Right to Privacy | -the right to a private personal life free from the intrusion of government |
| Griswold v. Connecticut | -Established that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution, married couple wanted to get contraceptives; struck down a Connecticut law prohibiting the sale of contraceptives; established the right of privacy through the 4th and 9th am |
| Roe v. Wade | -(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy |
| Exclusionary Rule | -a rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct |
| Purpose of Exclusionary Rule | -to protect against illegal searches and seizures by deterring PO's from conducting illegal searches and seizures, thereby protect people from illegal searches and seizures. |
| Exceptions to Exclusionary Rule | -inevitable discovery, honest mistake, good faith |
| Congress (total of 40 questions) | -Congress (total of 40 questions) |
| Bicameral | -composed of two legislative bodies |
| Adjourn | -to stop proceedings temporarily (Court or Congress meeting for example) |
| Prorogue | -adjourn, as in a legislative session |
| Special session | -an extraordinary session of a legislative body, called to deal with an emergency situation |
| Reapportion | -redistribute, as in seats in a legislative body |
| Congressional districts | -the area that a member of congress represents |
| Gerrymandering | -the drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit a party, group, or incumbent |
| Constituencies | -The people and interest that political officers represent. |
| Qualifications for House members | -Must be 25 years old, a Citizen of the United States for seven years, and a legal resident of the state which they represent |
| Qualifications for Senators | -Must be at least 30, have been a US citizen for at least 9 years, and live in the state they represent |
| Speaker of the House | -the leader of the majority party who serves as the presiding officer of the House of Representatives |
| President of the Senate | -the presiding officer of a senate; in Congress, the Vice President of the United States |
| President pro tempore | -Officer of the Senate selected by the majority party to act as chair in the absence of the vice president |
| Floor leaders | -members of the House and Senate picked by their parties to carry out party decisions and steer legislative action to meet party goals |
| Standing committees | -permanently established legislative committees that consider and are responsible for legislation within a certain subject area |
| Party whips | -a member of the Senate/House who is chosen by his/her party colleagues to assist the party's floor leader in managing its legislative program. |
| party caucus | -a meeting of the members of a party in a legislative chamber to select party leaders and to develop party policy. Called a conference by the republicans |
| conference committee | -a temporary joint committee set up when the House and the Senate have passed different versions of the same bill |
| How a bill becomes a law | -1. written 2. discussed in committee + voted 3. discussed in House of Reps. and Senate + voted on in both 4. President signs it or vetoes it (which brings back to Congress, needs 2/3 vote to override veto) |
| Filibuster | -a tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches |
| Veto | -the power or right to prohibit or reject a proposed or intended act; the power of a chief executive to reject a bill passed by the legislature |
| Pocket veto | -a bill fails to become law because the president did not sign it within ten days before Congress adjourns |
| President's Roles | -Chief Executive, Commander in Chief, Chief Citizen, Chief of State, Chief Diplomat, Chief Legislator, Chief of Party, Chief Administrator, Chief legislator, Chief of staff, and Press Secretary. |
| Formal qualifications to be President | -Must be 35 years old 2. Must be born in the US 3. Must have lived in the US for at least 14 years |
| Presidential term limits | -4 years per term, later the Constitution was amended to limit the presidency to two consecutive for year terms in Amendment 22 (possible to have 10 years of presidency if someone were to be Vice President and the President were to get short 2 years into |
| Order of presidential succession | -``` The Vice President Speaker of the House President pro tempore of the Senate Secretary of State Hillary Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of Defense Attorney General Secretary of the Interior Etc. ``` |
| Presidential disability | -Section 3 of the 25th amendment deals with a situation in which the president communicates in writing to Congress that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the office. The vice president then assumes the role of acting president. The vice p |
| National Security Council | -a committee in the executive branch of government that advises the president on foreign and military and national security |
| Office of Management and Budget | -Executive office responsible for helping the President write the federal budget and monitoring federal spending. |
| Presidential Cabinet | -group of officials who head government departments and advise the president |
| Fifteen Executive Departments | -State , Treasury, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Defense, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, Education, Veterans Affairs, and Homeland Security. |
| President's executive powers | -Executing the law - enforces, administers, and carries out provisions of the law (While President is required to enforce laws by Constitution, he can use his own discretion on how vigorously he enforces them) 2. Ordinance Power gives President power to |
| President's diplomatic and military powers | -Power to make treaties - formal agreements between 2 or more sovereign states - Treaties negotiated through Secretary of State, needs 2/3 approval, President ratifies treaty with other parties involved - Treaties have same legal standing as law 2. Power |
| President's judicial powers | -To appoint federal court judges. To pardon people convicted of federal crimes (except in cases of impeachment). To reduce a person's jail sentence or fine. |
| President's legislative powers | -Message power - influence a person gets by being in the public eye, veto power - presidential power to stop a bill from becoming a law by rejecting it, and recommending legislation - the President shall report to Congress on the state of the Union and re |
| Hobbes Main Ideas | -"""People are selfish. They will fight constantly if left alone (state of nature). People value order above freedom (for protection). Social contract: people agree to give up freedom (forever) for protection. One ruler with absolute power. Rebellion is n |
| What’s the capital?Afghanistan | -Kabul |
| What’s the capital?Albania | -Tirane |
| What’s the capital?Algeria | -Algiers |
| What’s the capital?Andorra | -Andorra la Vella |
| What’s the capital?Angola | -Luanda |
| What’s the capital?Antigua and Barbuda | -Saint John’s |
| What’s the capital?Argentina | -Buenos Aires |
| What’s the capital?Armenia | -Yerevan |
| What’s the capital?Australia | -Canberra |
| What’s the capital?Austria | -Vienna |
| What’s the capital?Azerbaijan | -Baku |
| What’s the capital?The Bahamas | -Nassau |
| What’s the capital?Bahrain | -Manama |
| What’s the capital?Bangladesh | -Dhaka |
| What’s the capital?Barbados | -Bridgetown |
| What’s the capital?Belarus | -Minsk |
| What’s the capital?Belgium | -Brussels |
| What’s the capital?Belize | -Belmopan |
| What’s the capital?Benin | -Porto-Novo |
| What’s the capital?Bhutan | -Thimphu |
| What’s the capital?Bolivia | -La Paz (administrative) Sucre (judicial) |
| What’s the capital?Bosnia and Herzegovina | -Sarajevo |
| What’s the capital?Botswana | -Gaborone |
| What’s the capital?Brazil | -Brasilia |
| "# What's the capital? Brunei" | -Bandar Seri Begawan |
| "# What's the capital? Bulgaria" | -Sofia |
| "# What's the capital? Burkina Faso" | -Ouagadougou |
| "# What's the capital? Burundi" | -Bujumbura |
| "# What's the capital? Cambodia" | -Phnom Penh |
| "# What's the capital? Cameroon" | -Yaounde |
| "# What's the capital? Canada" | -Ottawa |
| "# What's the capital? Cape Verde" | -Praia |
| "# What's the capital? Central African Republic" | -Bangui |
| "# What's the capital? Chad" | -N'Djamena |
| "# What's the capital? Chile" | -Santiago |
| "# What's the capital? China" | -Beijing |
| "# What's the capital? Colombia" | -Bogota |
| "# What's the capital? Comoros" | -Moroni |
| "# What's the capital? Congo, Republic of the" | -Brazzaville |
| "# What's the capital? Congo, Democratic Republic of the" | -Kinshasa |
| "# What's the capital? Costa Rica" | -San Jose |
| "# What's the capital? Cote d'Ivoire" | -Yamoussoukro (official) Abidjan (de facto) |
| "# What's the capital? Croatia" | -Zagreb |
| "# What's the capital? Cuba" | -Havana |
| "# What's the capital? Cyprus" | -Nicosia |
| "# What's the capital? Czech Republic" | -Prague |
| "# What's the capital? Denmark" | -Copenhagen |
| "# What's the capital? Djibouti" | -Djibouti |
| "# What's the capital? Dominica" | -Roseau |
| "# What's the capital? Dominican Republic" | -Santo Domingo |
| "# What's the capital? East Timor" | -Dili |
| "# What's the capital? Ecuador" | -Quito |
| "# What's the capital? Egypt" | -Cairo |
| "# What's the capital? El Salvador" | -San Salvador |
| "# What's the capital? Equatorial Guinea" | -Malabo |
| "# What's the capital? Eritrea" | -Asmara |
| "# What's the capital? Estonia" | -Tallinn |
| "# What's the capital? Ethiopia" | -Addis Ababa |
| "# What's the capital? Fiji" | -Suva |
| "# What's the capital? Finland" | -Helsinki |
| "# What's the capital? France" | -Paris |
| "# What's the capital? Gabon" | -Libreville |
| "# What's the capital? The Gambia" | -Banjul |
| "# What's the capital? Georgia" | -Tbilisi |
| "# What's the capital? Germany" | -Berlin |
| "# What's the capital? Ghana" | -Accra |
| "# What's the capital? Greece" | -Athens |
| "# What's the capital? Grenada" | -Saint George's |
| "# What's the capital? Guatemala" | -Guatemala City |
| "# What's the capital? Guinea" | -Conakry |
| "# What's the capital? Guinea-Bissau" | -Bissau |
| "# What's the capital? Guyana" | -Georgetown |
| "# What's the capital? Haiti" | -Port-au-Prince |
| "# What's the capital? Honduras" | -Tegucigalpa |
| "# What's the capital? Hungary" | -Budapest |
| "# What's the capital? Iceland" | -Reykjavik |
| "# What's the capital? India" | -New Delhi |
| "# What's the capital? Indonesia" | -Jakarta |
| "# What's the capital? Iran" | -Tehran |
| "# What's the capital? Iraq" | -Baghdad |
| "# What's the capital? Ireland" | -Dublin |
| "# What's the capital? Israel" | -Jerusalem |
| "# What's the capital? Italy" | -Rome |
| "# What's the capital? Jamaica" | -Kingston |
| "# What's the capital? Japan" | -Tokyo |
| "# What's the capital? Jordan" | -Amman |
| "# What's the capital? Kazakhstan" | -Astana |
| "# What's the capital? Kenya" | -Nairobi |
| "# What's the capital? Kiribati" | -Tarawa |
| "# What's the capital? Korea, North" | -Pyongyang |
| "# What's the capital? Korea, South" | -Seoul |
| "# What's the capital? Kuwait" | -Kuwait City |
| "# What's the capital? Kyrgyzstan" | -Bishkek |
| "# What's the capital? Laos" | -Vientiane |
| "# What's the capital? Latvia" | -Riga |
| "# What's the capital? Lebanon" | -Beirut |
| "# What's the capital? Lesotho" | -Maseru |
| "# What's the capital? Liberia" | -Monrovia |
| "# What's the capital? Libya" | -Tripoli |
| "# What's the capital? Liechtenstein" | -Vaduz |
| "# What's the capital? Lithuania" | -Vilnius |
| "# What's the capital? Luxembourg" | -Luxembourg |
| "# What's the capital? Macedonia" | -Skopje |
| "# What's the capital? Madagascar" | -Antananarivo |
| "# What's the capital? Malawi" | -Lilongwe |
| "# What's the capital? Malaysia" | -Kuala Lumpur |
| "# What's the capital? Maldives" | -Male |
| "# What's the capital? Mali" | -Bamako |
| "# What's the capital? Malta" | -Valletta |
| "# What's the capital? Marshall Islands" | -Majuro |
| "# What's the capital? Mauritania" | -Nouakchott |
| "# What's the capital? Mauritius" | -Port Louis |
| "# What's the capital? Mexico" | -Mexico City |
| "# What's the capital? Federated States of Micronesia" | -Palikir |
| "# What's the capital? Moldova" | -Chisinau |
| "# What's the capital? Monaco" | -Monaco |
| "# What's the capital? Mongolia" | -Ulaanbaatar |
| "# What's the capital? Montenegro" | -Podgorica |
| "# What's the capital? Morocco" | -Rabat |
| "# What's the capital? Mozambique" | -Maputo |
| "# What's the capital? Myanmar (Burma)" | -Rangoon but moving to Pyinmana |
| "# What's the capital? Namibia" | -Windhoek |
| "# What's the capital? Nauru" | -no official capital; government offices in Yaren District |
| "# What's the capital? Nepal" | -Kathmandu |
| "# What's the capital? Netherlands" | -Amsterdam |
| "# What's the capital? New Zealand" | -Wellington |
| "# What's the capital? Nicaragua" | -Managua |
| "# What's the capital? Niger" | -Niamey |
| "# What's the capital? Nigeria" | -Abuja |
| "# What's the capital? Norway" | -Oslo |
| "# What's the capital? Oman" | -Muscat |
| "# What's the capital? Pakistan" | -Islamabad |
| "# What's the capital? Palau" | -Koror |
| "# What's the capital? Panama" | -Panama City |
| "# What's the capital? Papua New Guinea" | -Port Moresby |
| "# What's the capital? Paraguay" | -Asuncion |
| "# What's the capital? Peru" | -Lima |
| "# What's the capital? Philippines" | -Manila |
| "# What's the capital? Poland" | -Warsaw |
| "# What's the capital? Portugal" | -Lisbon |
| "# What's the capital? Qatar" | -Doha |
| "# What's the capital? Romania" | -Bucharest |
| "# What's the capital? Russia" | -Moscow |
| "# What's the capital? Rwanda" | -Kigali |
| "# What's the capital? Saint Kitts and Nevis" | -Basseterre |
| "# What's the capital? Saint Lucia" | -Castries |
| "# What's the capital? Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" | -Kingstown |
| "# What's the capital? Samoa" | -Apia |
| "# What's the capital? San Marino" | -San Marino |
| "# What's the capital? Sao Tome and Principe" | -Sao Tome |
| "# What's the capital? Saudi Arabia" | -Riyadh |
| "# What's the capital? Senegal" | -Dakar |
| "# What's the capital? Serbia" | -Belgrade |
| "# What's the capital? Seychelles" | -Victoria |
| "# What's the capital? Sierra Leone" | -Freetown |
| "# What's the capital? Singapore" | -Singapore |
| "# What's the capital? Slovakia" | -Bratislava |
| "# What's the capital? Slovenia" | -Ljubljana |
| "# What's the capital? Solomon Islands" | -Honiara |
| "# What's the capital? Somalia" | -Mogadishu |
| "# What's the capital? South Africa" | -Pretoria (administrative) Cape Town (legislative) Bloemfontein (judiciary) |
| "# What's the capital? Spain" | -Madrid |
| "# What's the capital? Sri Lanka" | -Colombo |
| "# What's the capital? Sudan" | -Khartoum |
| "# What's the capital? Suriname" | -Paramaribo |
| "# What's the capital? Swaziland" | -Mbabana |
| "# What's the capital? Sweden" | -Stockholm |
| "# What's the capital? Switzerland" | -Bern |
| "# What's the capital? Syria" | -Damascus |
| "# What's the capital? Tajikistan" | -Dushanbe |
| "# What's the capital? Tanzania" | -Dar es Salaam |
| "# What's the capital? Thailand" | -Bangkok |
| "# What's the capital? Togo" | -Lome |
| "# What's the capital? Tonga" | -Nuku'alofa |
| "# What's the capital? Trinidad and Tobago" | -Port-of-Spain |
| "# What's the capital? Tunisia" | -Tunis |
| "# What's the capital? Turkey" | -Ankara |
| "# What's the capital? Turkmenistan" | -Ashgabat |
| "# What's the capital? Tuvalu" | -Funafuti |
| "# What's the capital? Uganda" | -Kampala |
| "# What's the capital? Ukraine" | -Kyiv |
| "# What's the capital? United Arab Emirates" | -Abu Dhabi |
| "# What's the capital? United Kingdom" | -London |
| "# What's the capital? United States" | -Washington, D.C. |
| "# What's the capital? Uruguay" | -Montevideo |
| "# What's the capital? Uzbekistan" | -Tashkent |
| "# What's the capital? Vanuatu" | -Port-Vila |
| "# What's the capital? Vatican City (Holy See)" | -Vatican City |
| "# What's the capital? Venezuela" | -Caracas |
| "# What's the capital? Vietnam" | -Hanoi |
| "# What's the capital? Yemen" | -Sanaa |
| "# What's the capital? Zambia" | -Lusaka |
| "# What's the capital? Zimbabwe" | -Harare |
| - | |
| What Caused the U.S. to enter WWI? | -The United States originally wished to remain neutral when World War I broke out in August 1914. However, it insisted on its right as a neutral party to immunity from German submarine attack. The ships carried food and raw materials to Britain. In 1917 t |
| When did WWI end? | -By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or “doughboys” as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Force were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing, with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany’s spring offensi |
| What was the Polar Bear Expedition? | -The involvement of U.S. troops, during the tail end of World War I and the Russian Revolution, in fighting the Bolsheviks in Arkhangelsk, Russia in 1918 and 1919. |
| What were the Neutrality Acts of 1930? | -Intended to prevent the U.S. from supporting either side in a war. President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to support Britain, however, and in 1940 signed the Lend-Lease Act, which permitted an expansion of the “cash and carry” arms trade to develop with |
| What date did WWII start? | -September 1st 1939. |
| What caused the US to enter WWII? | -US involvement in World War II was initially limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The US entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawa |
| Why did the US bomb Japan? | -In the Pacific, the US experienced much success in naval campaigns during 1944, but bloody battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945 led the US to look for a way to end the war with minimal loss of American lives. The U.S. used atomic bombing of Hiroshima |
| What was the Cold War? | -The continuing state from roughly 1946 to 1991 of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition between the Communist World - primarily the Soviet Union and its satellite states and allies - and the powers of the Western worl |
| What was the National Security Act of 1947? | -ombined and replaced the former Department of the Navy and War Department with a single cabinet-level Department of Defense. The act also created the National Security Council, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Air Force. |
| What was the Korean War? | -A conflict between the United States and its United Nations allies and the communist powers under influence of the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China. The principal combatants were North and South Korea. Principal allies of South Korea inclu |
| What was Operation Blue Bat? | -In the Lebanon crisis of 1958 that threatened civil war, Operation Blue Bat deployed several hundred Marines to bolster the pro-Western Lebanese government from July 15 to October 25, 1958. |
| What was Operation Power Pack? | -April 28, 1965, 400 Marines were landed in Santo Domingo to evacuate the American Embassy and foreign nationals after dissident Dominican armed forces attempted to overthrow the ruling civilian junta. By mid-May, peak strength of 23,850 U.S. soldiers, Ma |
| What was the Vietname War? | -A Cold War-era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, |
| Did the US win the Vietnam War? | -No. The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia, but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles, corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, |
| What was the Tet Offensive? | -A military campaign during the Vietnam War that began on January 31, 1968. Regular and irregular forces of the People’s Army of Vietnam fought against the forces of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), the United States, and their allies. The purpose |
| What was Operation Eagle Claw? | -During and Iran hostage crisis, Operation Eagle Claw was an attempt to rescue the hostages. It failed because of inappropriate equipment, incomplete and unrealistic planning, and the lack of joint service training. The fiasco led directly to the creation |
| What was Operation Urgent Fury? | -In October, 1983, a violent power struggle threatened American lives in the small Caribbean nation of Grenada. Neighboring nations asked the U.S. to intervene. The invasion was a hurriedly devised grouping of paratroopers, Marines, Rangers, and special o |
| What was Operation El Dorado Canyon? | -Code-named “Operation El Dorado Canyon”, comprised the joint United States Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps air-strikes against Libya on April 15, 1986. The attack was carried out in response to the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing. |
| What was the 1986 Berlin Discotheque Bombing? | -Libya was blamed for the bombing after telex messages had been intercepted from Libya to the Libyan East Berlin embassy congratulating them on a job well done. |
| Why did the US invade Panama in 1989? | -On December 20, 1989 the United States invaded Panama, mainly from U.S. bases within the then-Canal Zone, to oust dictator and international drug trafficker Manuel Noriega. American forces quickly overwhelmed the Panamanian Defense Forces, Noriega was ca |
| What was the Persian Gulf War? | -A conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of 34 nations led by the United States. The lead up to the war began with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 which was met with immediate economic sanctions by the United Nations against Iraq. The co |
| What was Operation Restore Hope? | -US troops participated in a UN peacekeeping mission in Somalia beginning in 1992. By 1993 the US troops were augmented with Rangers and special forces with the aim of capturing warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid, whose forces had massacred peacekeepers from Pa |
| What was Operation Uphold Democracy? | -(September 19, 1994 - March 31, 1995) An intervention designed to remove the military regime installed by the 1991 Haitian coup d’état, which overthrew the elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. The operation was effectively authorized by the 31 July |
| What was Operation Joint Endeavour? | -During the war in Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, the US operated in Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of the NATO-led multinational implementation force (IFOR) in Operation Joint Endeavour . The USA was one of the NATO member countries who bombed Yugoslavia |
| What is the War on Terrorism? | -A global effort by the governments of several countries (primarily the United States and its principal allies) to neutralize international terrorist groups (primarily radical Islamist terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda) and ensure that rogue nations no |
| What was Operation Enduring Freedom? | -The invasion of Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom - Afghanistan) to depose that country's Taliban government and destroy training camps associated with al-Qaida is understood to have been the opening, and in many ways defining, campaign of the broa |
| What was the 2003 invasion of Iraq? | -After the lengthy Iraq disarmament crisis culminated with an American demand that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein leave Iraq, which was refused, a coalition led by the United States and the United Kingdom fought the Iraqi army in the 2003 invasion of Iraq |
| What was Operation Odyssey Dawn? | -the U.S. code name for the US part of the international military operation in Libya to enforce United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973. During the initial period of 19-31 March 2011, which continued afterwards under NATO command as Operation Unif |
| 1st amendment | -Freedom of Speech, Press, Religion, right to Peaceful assembly, and to petition the Government |
| 2nd amendment | -right to bear arms |
| 3rd amendment | -No quartering of Soldiers |
| 4th amendment | -Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures |
| 5th amendment | -right to grand jury, indictment, no double jeopardy, freedom from self-incrimination, due process of law |
| 6th amendment | -Right to a fair, speedy trial |
| 7th amendment | -Right to a trial by jury in civil cases |
| 8th amendment | -No cruel and unusual punishments, “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.” |
| 9th amendment | -Citizens entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution |
| 10th amendment | -powers reserved to the States |
| 11th amendment | -Prohibits citizens of one state or foreign country from suing another state. |
| 12 amendment | -Constitutional amendment that created a seperate ballot for president and vice president. |
| 13th amendment | -abolishes slavery in the U.S. |
| 14th amendment | -This amendment declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were entitled equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels. |
| 15th amendment | -citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude |
| 16th amendment | -Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income. |
| 17th amendment | -established the direct election of senators |
| 18th amendment | -Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages |
| 19th amendment | -gave women the right to vote |
| 20th amendment | -reduce the amount of time between the election of the President and Congress and the beginning of their terms. |
| 21st amendment | -repeal of prohibition |
| 22nd amendment | -limits the number of terms a president may be elected to serve |
| 23rd amendment | -gave residents of Washington DC the right to vote |
| 24th amendment | -Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections. |
| 25th amendment | -clarifies an ambiguous provision of the Constitution regarding succession to the Presidency, and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President as well as responding to Presidential disabilities. |
| 26th amendment | -lowered the voting age to 18 |
| 27th amendment | -limits the power of congress to increase its own salaries |
| US Constitution | -The government of the United States. A set of principles (guidelines) that describe the duties and powers of the government. |
| USC Article 1 Section 1 | -Defined “congress” as the Senate and House of Representatives. |
| USC Article 1 Section 2 | -Defined the qualifications and means of Delegates for the House of Representatives to become elected.Delegates were now elected by the people.Defined how many delegates a state could have based on it’s population. |
| USC Article 1 Section 3 | -Defined the qualifications of delegates to the US Senate.The US VP will be president of the Senate.The Senate will try all impeachments. (Senate 2/3rd vote for guilty results in removal from office.) |
| USC Article 1 Section 4 | -Congress was to meet once a year. (1st Monday in December). |
| USC Article 1 Section 5 | -Each house could police itself.Each house would keep a journal of it’s proceedings.Each house must have the consent of the other to adjourn for more than 3 days. |
| USC Article 1 Section 6 | -Senators and House Representatives will be paid from the treasury Cannot hold office in another section of the US govt. 3. A delegate cannot be arrested except in cases of treason, felony, and breach of the peace. |
| USC Article 1 Section 7 | -House of Representatives will initiate raising revenue. Senate will approve and president will sign. 3. If president does not sign house and senate will pass with 2/3rds agreement and bill will become law. |
| USC Article 1 Section 8 | -Powers of congress:Collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises.Pay debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare.May borrow money.May regulate commerce with foreign nations.May coin money.Establish post offices and roads.Promote Science and |
| USC Article 1 Section 9 | -Habeas Corpus (arrested person may be brought into court to determine legality of arrest). “after the fact” law.Duty free within the US.No title of nobility. |
| USC Article 1 Section 10 | -An individual state could not accept “gifts” from foreign rulers. A state could not declare war unless attacked. |
| USC Article 2 Section 1 | -US PresidentDescribes the eligibility requirements: a. natural born citizen b. 14 years residency c. . Min. Age of 35)Election process of the US President.Details the course of action if the president could no longer function.Presidential oath. |
| USC Article 2 Section 2 | -Places the president as commander in chief of the armed forces. Essentially puts the military under civilian control. (May) fill vacancies that happen during the recess of the senate. |
| USC Article 2 Section 3 | -State of the union address. Originally intended to report how the president thinks the country is doing. |
| USC Article 2 Section 4 | -All Civil Officers (The President, Vice President, etc) can be removed from office by the House of Representatives. Military are tried by martial courts. |
| USC Article 3 Section 1 | -Supreme Court Judges who perform good behavior cannot be removed from office. |
| USC Article 3 Section 2 | -Court cases involving Ambassadors, public ministers and consuls, and individual states will be heard by the supreme court directly. Other cases must work their way up through appeals. 3. All trials will occur in the state where the crime occurred with |
| USC Article 3 Section 3 | -Two witnesses must testify on the guilt of a third accused of treason. The relatives of someone guilty of treason cannot be punished. |
| USC Article 4 Section 1 | -Gives congress the ability to determine how and whether acts legal in one state will be enforced in another. |
| USC Article 4 Section 2 | -Citizens of one state have the same freedom as citizens in all states. Felons are expedited to the state where the crime was committed. 3. Slaves escaping to free states would be returned to their owners if requested. |
| USC Article 4 Section 3 | -Allows the admittance into the union of new states as long as :The states were not within the jurisdiction of another state,Was not formed by the joining of two statesDid have the consent of congress.Texas can break into 4 states. |
| USC Article 4 Section 4 | -Every state a representative government without a monarch and will protect from invasion. |
| USC Article 5 | -Amendments can be proposed and passed with a 3/4th vote. |
| USC Article 6 | -All debts to be paid. Supremacy Law - the constitutional law trumps all other laws. 3. All officers are required to take a oath of office. |
| USC Article 7 | -Details the ratification terms of the USC. Required 9 of the 13 states to sign. All 13 colonies eventually signed. |
| 2 factors that make up congressman’s stance on trade | --constituency-party |
| 3 concepts of National Interest | --Power and National Security-Domestic Impact Conception-Ideological Principle Conception |
| 4 Models of Decision Making | -Rational Actor Model Organizational Process Model Bureaucratic Politics Model Radical (Military Industrial) Model |
| 4 Options towards Soviet Russia | --roll back communism (aggression) -negotiations of many disagreements (diplomacy) -appeasement -containment/isolation of USSR |
| 5 Questions for Opinion Maker | --How different is mass opinion and lead opinion? -How interested is the public? -How knowledgeable is the public? -What do they believe? -Are our opinions volatile? |
| 5 Sequential Steps of Rational Actor | -definition of situation 2. identification of goals 3. identification of options 4. cost benefit analysis |
| 6 Tactics to weaken states | --prying away its allies -weakening hold on sphere of influence -stopping trade -removing hostile gov’t -waging preemptive war -fighting wars to prevent status quo disturbance |
| 7 Sins of US foreign policy | -EEIIUA Emphasis on Military; Executive Branch Dominance, Ignorance, Isolationsm, Unilateralism, Arrogance |
| ABC Democrats | -The promotion by the US of any government opposed to communism regardless of human rights violations |
| Adams-Onis Treaty 1819 | -with Spain, transferring Florida, extended the U.S. to present boundaries in southeast. |
| Alaska purchase 1867 | -ended Russian territorial presence and completed U.S. expansion on North American mainland. |
| Allies and Germany 1918 | -accepted Wilson’s 14 points as basis for just and lasting peace ending World War I. |
| Anti-terrorism | -measures to protect and defend U.S. citizens and interests from terrorist attacks |
| Appeasement | -policy where one state must see the world from another state’s point of view |
| Balance of Power. | -A concept that describes how states deal with the problems of national security in a context of shifting alliances and alignments. |
| Bretton Woods Conference | -Conferences that established IMF, GATT, and WB |
| Bureaucratic Politics Model | -bureaucracies argue from their stance; conglomerates come to their decisions from their organizational standing |
| Bush Doctrine | -Preventive/Preemptive war against potential aggressors before they are capable of mounting attacks against the United States |
| Bush’s stance on international trade | --for international trade b/c his main constituency is the service sector |
| Can US states create their own foreign policy? | -Generally no. US treaties and federal law are said to preempt any state or local law that can be said to be in the area of foreign relations. There is some wiggle room here, however if the effect of the local statute or ordinance is minimal. Courts uphel |
| Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) | -the government organization that oversees foreign intelligence-gathering and related classified activities |
| Cognitive dissidence | -Ignoring or schewing information unfavorable to a person’s opinion |
| Compellence | -Persuading a country from doing something they wouldn’t have done |
| Congenial International Environment/Interdependence | --Needs cooperative interational environments -US needs more free states |
| Congress powers in foreign Policy | -Ratify treaties; confirm appointments; declare war; appropriate funds; oversee agencies; enact legislation |
| Containment? | -Keeping communism within its present territory through the use of diplomatic, economic, and military actions. |
| Counter terrorism | -activities to stop terrorists from using fore and responding when they do |
| Covert Operations | -undercover actions in which the prime mover country appears to have had no role |
| Critiques of Appeassment Theory | -Detterents almost always cause War (Security theory) |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | -"""â€_Ä¢A new leader, Fidel Castro, came to power in Cuba and declared it a communist country. The US government cut off relations with Cuba in protest." |
| Department of Defense | -the executive department charged with managing country's military personnel, equipment, and operations |
| Department of Homeland Security | -executive department meant to provide a unifying force in the efforts of the government to prevent attacks on the United States and to respond to such attacks through law enforcement and emergency relief should they occur |
| Department of State | -the executive department charged with managing foreign affairs |
| Deterrence | -Preventing a country from doing what they might do |
| Diplomacy | -the formal system of communication and negotiation between countries |
| Diplomatic Realism | -"What sub-ideology? -""There can be a slippage between the distribution of power and the perception of threat"" -Revisionist are threatening, while status quo states are not" |
| Director of National Intelligence | -overseer and coordinator of the many agencies involved in production and dissemination of intelligence information in the U.S. government, as well as the president's main intelligence adviser |
| Does congress play a small or a large role in foreign affairs? | -Large. |
| Dollar diplomacy? | -"""Dollar diplomacy"" was the term used to describe the efforts of the United States — particularly under President William Howard Taft — to further its foreign policy aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power. The term is bas |
| Domestic Impact Conception of NI | --what would improve lives of citizens -foreign policy relates to citizens of state |
| Dove | -soft liners; avoid conflict and confrontation; passionate and considerate even if it means a deal of naivety |
| Earth Summit. 1992 | -Representatives of more than 175 nations, including the United States, met at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, which produced a treaty on climate change and was the largest international meeting on the environment ever convened. |
| Economic interest groups/ Issue groups/ identity groups | -groups that promote public interest such as labor unions and industry groups, pro-life and pro-choice groups, and minority and women's rights groups |
| Economic Sanction | -Punishments imposed on a nation as forms of protests |
| Embargo Act of 1807? | -It prohibited all international exports from American ports. It represented President Thomas Jefferson's response to the United Kingdom's Orders in Council (1807) and France's Continental System, which were severely hurting America's merchant marines. Al |
| End of Cold War 1989-91 | -As President George H.W. Bush stated a desire to integrate the Soviet Union into the community of nations, the Cold War ended when communist regimes collapsed across Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union disintegrated. |
| Executive agreement? | -An executive agreement one of three mechanisms by which the United States enters into binding international agreements. They are considered treaties as the term is used under international law in that they bind both the United States and a foreign state. |
| External Balancing | -Concept of altering the distribution of power abroad in 3 ways: -manipulating the system of interstate alliances -tolerate spheres of influence -weaken adversary states |
| "fast track"" authority in the context of trade agreements?" | -In various acts, Congress delegated the authority to negotiate trade agreements (treaties) to the president. The Senate then can vote the agreement up or down. Not really provided for by the constitution, but is in practice. Other countries like dealing |
| Faults of Containment | --ideolical threat of communism -military threat of the red army -security dilemma |
| Finlandization | -Policy that a power neutralizes its neighbors in an effort to protect itself |
| Foreign Aid | -assistance given by one country to another in the form of grants loans |
| Foreign Policy Objectives? | -Foreign Policy Objectives are the goals of a foreign policy, derived by relating a state's national interest to the international situation and the power available to the state. |
| Foreign Policy. | -The official strategy of a state regarding how it will relate to other states and international organizations |
| Four P's | -Peace, Power, Prosperity, Principles |
| Fourteen Points | -"Fourteen goals of the United States in the peace negotiations after World War I. President Woodrow Wilson announced the Fourteen Points to Congress in early 1918. They included public negotiations between nations, freedom of navigation, free trade, self |
| Free Trade | -economic system by which countries exchange goods without imposing excessive tariffs and taxes |
| General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) | -a series of agreements on international trading terms; now known as the World Trade Organization (WTO) |
| George Kennan? | -He was a diplomat that advised Truman to contain communist expansion through something called the Long Telegram in 1946. |
| Good Neighbor Policy? | -"The ""Good Neighbor"" policy was the policy of the United States Administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in relation to Latin America during 1933-45, when the active U.S. intervention of previous decades was moderated in pursuit of hemispheric |
| Group Think | -attributes decisions to the most intelligent; the way people interact often affect decision making and group decisions are often the best guided |
| Gulf War I 1990-91 | -In response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the United States built an international coalition to defend Saudi Arabia and, after United Nations approval, to eject Iraq from Kuwait through Operation Desert Storm. |
| Hard Power | -Getting others to do what another says |
| Hawk | -hardlingers; willingly pursue the national interest through confrontation; emphasis on power; smart; tough; crafty; cunning |
| Hegemonic Stability | -theory that one state is able to create stability in the international system i.e. Pax Britanica |
| Hegemony | -"""the overbearing influence of one nation over another""" |
| Human Rights | -Exist and must be honored, and a violation of these harms US |
| Idealist Approach to Foreign Policy? | -The Idealist approach assumes that a foreign policy based on morals, legal codes, and international norms is the most effective foreign policy because it encourages unity and cooperation among states rather than competition and conflict. |
| Ideological Principle Conception of NI | --policy is central to country's values -use democracy to promote justice, peace |
| If a US citizen breaks a law abroad, how is he punished? | -US citizens are subject to the laws of whatever country they are in. The State department usually will not ask for a deportation. |
| Intelligence Community | -agencies and bureaus that are responsible for obtaining and interpreting information for the government |
| Internal Balancing | -Concept of increasing the state's power resources in 4 ways: -strengthening armed forces and bottomw of economy -focusing policy on resource heavy regions -creating economic policy designed to produce relative gains -using military force when it maintain |
| International Broadcasting Bureau? | -The International Broadcasting Bureau (IBB) is a United States Government federal agency that was created in 1994 to produce political radio and television broadcasts that are intended for audiences in foreign countries. The IBB replaces the former Burea |
| International Monetary Funds (IMF) | -economic institution that makes short term, relatively small loans to countries to help balance their currency flows |
| Internationalism | -a foreign policy based on taking an active role in global affairs; the predominant foreign policy view in the U.S. |
| Iran-Contra affair | -(i-RAN, i-RAHN, eye-RAN; KON-truh, KOHN-trah) A scandal in the administration of President Ronald Reagan, which came to light when it was revealed that in the mid-1980s the United States secretly arranged arms sales to Iran in return for promises of Iran |
| Isolationism | -Foreign Policy Logic that: -delayed American hegemony -puts US last among developed countries in foreign aid -causes unilateralism -casued continentalism -from Monroe Doctrine |
| Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty (Camp David Accords) 1979 | -ended 30 years of conflict between the two countries and provided possible framework for comprehensive peace in the Middle East. |
| Jay's Treaty 1795 | -required Great Britain to remove troops from northwestern frontier; Pinckney's Treaty with Spain opened mouth of Mississippi River to U.S. navigation. |
| John F. Kennedy | -President in 1961 -Bay of Pigs |
| Joint Chief of Staffs | -senior military officers from four branches of the U.S. armed forces |
| Kennedy's Conditions for Cuban takeover | --CIA trained rebels trained in Guatemala -Attacked with B-26 to give illusion that Cuban Air Force had revolted -US would land 1500 exiles -no US troops present -no US detectable presence -no US air support |
| Kennedy's Domestic Policy | -"-vigorous foreign policy-US space program -called for Cuban ""freedom fighters""" |
| Liberalism (also economic liberalism or radicalism) | -US should seek expansion of liberty because states are better when: -trade is free -nations are governed democratically -human rights are honored -nations have self-determination |
| Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 1963 | -first major-power agreement regulating atomic weapons testing, banned explosions in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water. |
| Logic of Isolationism | -"""interdependence does not create vital interests requiring political and military involvement"" ""US has sufficient domestic efficiency"" ""US has no binding moral obligations abroad""" |
| Logic of Liberalism | -"""Promoting liberty is a moral obligation"" ""Makes no specific assumptions about the power of the US beyond hte rather general assumption that is has the capability to increase liberty somehow""" |
| Long Telegram? | -The message written by George Kennan in 1946 to Truman advising him to contain Communist expansion. Told Truman that if the Soviets couldn't expand, their Communism would eventually fall apart, and that Communism could be beaten without going to war. |
| Louisiana Purchase 1803 | -removed foreign control of Mississippi's mouth and doubled U.S. territory. |
| Marshall Plan? | -Program of European economic recovery after World War II, financed by the United States. Britain, France, West Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, and Italy were main recipients. Named for United States Secretary of State George Marshall and supported by |
| Mass Public Opinion Trends | -Mass public is far more conservative in trade, intervention, and dimplomacy than policy makers |
| Militant Realism | -"What sub-ideology?: -""Every predominance, or move toward predominance, represent a threat to the other states in the international system"" -Any powerful state likely will use its power to augment its power, aggressively, if necessary" |
| Monroe Doctrine | -A statement of foreign policy issued by President James Monroe in 1823, declaring that the United States would not tolerate intervention by European nations in the affairs of nations in the Americas. Monroe also promised that the United States would not |
| Morrill tariff? | -The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was a protectionist tariff bill passed by the U.S. Congress in early 1861. It was signed into law by Democratic president, James Buchanan of Pennslyvania, where support for higher tariffs to protect the iron industry was strong |
| Munich Conference | -Conference held after Hitler's invasion of Czechoslovakia |
| National Interest. | -The elements that constitute a state's most vital needs |
| National Security Council | -organization within the Executive Office of the President that provides foreign policy advice to the President |
| NATO, 1948 | -first U.S. alliance concluded in peacetime, provided integrated force for defense of Western Europe and North America. |
| Necessities of Deterrents | -states must have the capability and the credibility to utilize deterrents |
| Necessities of Public Opinion | --Relationship between foreign policy and public opinion -how one would choose their stance on foreign policy -processes of foreign policy -attributes of the public -decision process |
| Ninth International Conference of American States 1948 | -created the Organization of American States (OAS) to intensify U.S. and Latin American collaboration in all fields. |
| Nonproliferation Treaty, 1967 | -now signed by 110 governments, banned the spread of atomic weapons. |
| open door policy? | -United States efforts to develop a trade relationship with China in the late 1800s to early 1900s; urged European nations with spheres of influence in China to not restrict trade in those areas. |
| Opinion Flow | -Opinion Makers - Attentive Public - Opinion Leaders - Mass Public |
| Opinion Maker's duties | --Present options for constituents -Give stricture and informational content -Makers may put out pre-made opinions -Must address attentive public -Must play a role in public submitting porcess |
| Oregon Treaty 1846 | -with Great Britain extended U.S. sole dominion to the Pacific. |
| Organizational Process Model | -policies as decided and policies as implemented are two different things; decision making and implementation always take place at different places and by different forces |
| Peace | -P associated with International institutionalism, world order, and diplomacy |
| Philippine-American War? | -The Philippine-American War was a war between the armed forces of the United States and the Philippines from 1899 through 1913. In December 1898, the U.S. purchased the Philippines and other territories from Spain at the Treaty of Paris for the sum of 20 |
| Pinckney Treaty? | -Also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, 1795 and established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. It also defined the boundaries of the U.S. with th |
| Point Four Program? | -The Point Four Program was a program for economic aid to poor countries announced by United States President Harry S. Truman at his inauguration speech on January 20, 1949. It took its name from the fact that it was mentioned as the fourth among the fore |
| Power | -P associated with Realism, competition of power, and coersion |
| Power, National Security Conception of NI | --power -spheres of influence -absence of principles |
| Preemption | -Act before another country acts so as to PREVENT war |
| President Nixon's February visit to China 1972 | -followed Secretary Kissinger's earlier negotiations in Peking, marking first important step in the process of normalizing relations with the People's Republic of China. |
| President's power in Foreign Policy | -Chief of State; Chief Executive; Commander in Chief; Chief Diplomat; Chief legislator |
| Principles | -P associated with democratic idealism, global democracy, and politics |
| Process of public opinion | -Public Opinion - Opinion Submitting - Decision Making |
| Propaganda | -the promotion of information which may or may not be correct , designed to influence the beliefs and attitudes of a foreign audience |
| Prosperity | -P associated with economic liberalism, global capitalism, and economy |
| Protectionism | -the imposition of trade barriers, especially tariffs, to make trading conditions favorable to domestic producers |
| Public opinion dispersion | -Hardliners usually found in south; urbanites are usually internationalists |
| Questions of incompitence of BoP | -Why was it believed US action could be kept covert? Why was it believed that B-26's could take out Cuban Air Force? Why was it believed brigade's moral could overcome Cuba's military Why was it believed Cuban forces were weak? Why was it believed that Cu |
| Radical (Military Inustrial) Model | -individuals are not bureaucratically, but socially |
| Radical Anti-Imerpialism | -"""the US is an imperialistic country, even though it has no significant empire; its empire is informal, long-standing, maintained by a plethora of instruments of intervention" |
| Radio Free Asia? | -"Radio Free Asia was created by the International Broadcasting Act of 1994 and began its operations in 1996. It is a private, non-profit corporation funded by Congress of the United States, and supervised by the Broadcasting Board of Governors. BBG's sta |
| Radio Free Europe? | -"Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a radio and communications organization which is funded by the United States Congress. The organization exists in Europe and the Middle East. It broadcasts more than 1,000 hours per week, in 28 languages, via |
| Radio Martí and TV Martí? | -Radio and TV Martí are broadcasters based in Miami, Florida, financed by the United States government (Broadcasting Board of Governors), which transmits Spanish-language radio and TV broadcasts to Cuba. Established in 1983 by President Ronald Reagan, at |
| Radio Sawa? | -Radio Sawa is an Arabic language radio station, funded by the United States government. The station's goal is to provide what they claim is balanced news and information to youth in Arabic-speaking countries, as local news in many Middle Eastern countrie |
| Rational Actor Model | -"-states make deisions and policies as a rational entity -president represents rational actor ""politics stop at the water's edge"" -actor's goals can be achieved through rational process" |
| Reagan Doctrine | -Oppose the influence of the Soviet Union by backing anti-communist guerrillas against the communist governments of Soviet-backed client states. Somewhat triggered by Afghanistan - aiding mujahideen to hurt Soviets |
| Realism | -"What Ideology?: -""IR is a competition for the power necessary to guarentee national security"" -military power is often national poower -no moral obligations" |
| Realist Approach to Foreign Policy? | -The Realist approach assumes that the use of power to promote the national interest of a state is the most successful foreign policy. |
| Representative | -delegates of people are of the people and are also citizens and share values with their constituents |
| Result of Bay of Pigs | --Dulles fired -Castro held exiles US paid 53 mil. for exiles |
| Revisionist Approach to Foreign Policy? | -A Revisionist approach to foreign policy seeks to alter territorial, ideological, or power distribution to the state's advantage. |
| Riga Axioms | -Conferences that established Soviet Union as a ideolically driven country that cannot be dealt with |
| Rogue States | -countries that break international norms and produce, sell, or use weapons |
| Roosevelt Corollary? | -"The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (from 1901 to 1909) was a substantial alteration (called an ""amendment"") of the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. In its altered state, the Monroe Doctrine would now consider Latin Ame |
| Rootes of Isolationism | --Monroe Doctrine -American moral superiority -America escaped monarchs, churches, revolutions, fascism, and nationalism -National sovereignty and autonomy -moved away from this in 1940's (WWII) |
| Root-Takahira agreement? | -"The Root-Takahira Agreement of 1908 was a contract between the United States and Japan. Relations between Japan and the United States remained tense during Theodore Roosevelt's second term. Tensions had developed earlier over spheres of influence in the |
| Russian Civil War | -Russian event that preceded WWII and US-Soviet tensions |
| Sanctions against S. Africa | -helped to bring an end to apartheid in 1991. |
| Self Determination | -States need this _____ because: -people cannot be subordinate -there are spheres of influence -foreign domination -social unrest around the world harms US -all occurrences of foreign domination are incorrect |
| Six Pillars of US security | --superior economy -superior military -geography -power balance in Eurasia -Nuclear weapons -US isolation from foreign conflicts |
| Six Tenants of Appeasement of War | --War is caused by two parties, an aggressor and an appeaser -Deterrents are necessary b/c aggressors are present and deterrents will succeed -Credibility of a deterrent can only be demonstrated through capablility and the courage to use it -Confrontati |
| Skybolt affair? | -The Nassau Agreement was a treaty negotiated between President John F. Kennedy for the United States and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan for the United Kingdom. It was discussed by the two leaders over three days in the Bahamas and signed 18 December 196 |
| Social-democracy | -System of politics-economy most countries fell into after WWII |
| Spanish American war? | -A war between Spain and the United States in 1898, as a result of which Spain ceded Puerto Rico, the Philippine Islands, and Guam to the United States and abandoned all claim to Cuba, which became independant in 1902. |
| Status Quo Approach to Foreign Policy? | -The Status Quo Approach to Foreign Policy seeks to maintain the territorial, ideological, or power distribution of the state. |
| Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) agreements 1972 | -with U.S.S.R. prescribed mutual limitations on defensive and offensive weapons and established SALT as a continuing process. |
| Structural Defense Policy | -foreign policy dealing with defense spending, military bases, and weapons procurement |
| Superterrorism | -the potential use of weapons of mass destruction in a terrorist attack |
| Tariff of 1857? | -The Tariff of 1857 was a major tax reduction in the United States, creating a mid-century lowpoint for tariffs. It amended the Walker Tariff of 1846 by lowering rates to around 17% on average. The Tariff of 1857's cuts lasted only three years, though. In |
| Terrorism | -an act of violence that targets civilians for the purpose of provoking widespread fear that will force the government to change its policies |
| The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia 1995 | -ended the Bosnian civil war by providing for NATO troops to serve as peacekeepers. |
| The Logic of Liberal Internationalism | -The logic that the US has the moral obligation to contribute substantially to solving global problems |
| The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 1994 | -between the United States, Canada, and Mexico took effect and the United States joined another structure that promoted global free trade, the World Trade Organization. |
| Treaty of Alliance with France, 1778 | -engineered by Benjamin Franklin, enabled the fledgling republic to continue its struggle for independence |
| Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 | -ending 1846-48 war with Mexico, confirmed U.S. claim to Texas and completed U.S. expansion to Pacific. |
| Treaty of Paris 1898 | -at end of Spanish-American War, transferred to the United States Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, expanding U.S. power into the Pacific. |
| Treaty of Paris-1783 | -Great Britain recognized American independence and control over western lands as far as the Mississippi. |
| Truman Doctrine | -A U.S foreign policy designed to contain communism by stoppint it's spread to Greece and Turkey. President Harry S. Truman proclaimed the Doctrine on March 12, 1947. |
| Two Types of Delegate | -Burkian and Representative delegate |
| U.N. 1945 | -U.S. and 50 other countries founded the United Nations |
| U.S.-China 1979 | -established diplomatic relations with China |
| USAID? | -The United States Agency for International Development (or USAID) is the US government organization responsible for most non-military foreign aid. An independent federal agency, it receives overall foreign policy guidance from the US Secretary of State. |
| Valid Opinion makeup | -It must have noticeable preferences: -Should display options and your preference +show one's opinion as only alternative +other opinions are ineffective -Well grounded in a coherent account of the consequences of policy -Theory of an outcome with an issu |
| Voice of America? | -The Voice of America (VOA) is the official broadcasting service of the United States government. It is one of the best-known stations in international broadcasting and is similar to international broadcasters such as the BBC World Service, BBC World, Deu |
| Walker tariff? | -"The 1846 Walker tariff was a Democratic bill that reversed the high rates of tariffs imposed by the Whig-backed ""Black Tariff"" of 1842 under president John Tyler. It was one of the lowest tariffs in American history. The tariff's reductions (35% to 25 |
| Washington's Farewell Address | -"""Just and amicable feelings towards all nations"" ""No permanent attachments or hate for any nations"" ""Troubles seperating economic and political ties""" |
| Weapons of Mass Destruction | -nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons that can kill a whole lotta peeps |
| Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842 | -with Great Britain delimited northeastern U.S. (Maine) boundary. |
| What branch of government negotiates treaties? | -The Executive, subject to the approval of the senate. |
| What territories did the US take from Spain in the spanish american war? | -Puerto Rico, The phillipines, and Cuba. it took place starting in 1898. The phillipinos, and later the cubans would fight for their independance. |
| Who can receive foreign ambassadors? | -Only the president. |
| Wilson's 14 points? | -Presented at Peace Talks (1919) at end of WWI: Versailles. St. Germain and Trianon Treaties. Free trade and lower tariffs. Reductions is armaments. Decolonization of empires. Self determination with trusteeships. CREATE INTERNATIONAL PEACEKEEPING FORCE W |
| World Bank | -economic institution that makes large low-cost loans with long repayment terms to countries, primarily for infrastructure construction or repairs |
| Yalta Conferences | -Confrences that established Soviet Union as a reasonable rational power that can be dealt with with diplomatically |
| Marbury v. Madison (1803) | -the court established its role as the arbiter of the consitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review |
| Fletcher v. Peck (1810) | -the decision stems from the Yazoo land cases, 1803, and upholds the sanctity of contracts |
| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | -the court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government |
| Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) | -New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. |
| Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) | -clarified the commerce clause and affirmed Congressional power over interstate commerce |
| Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) | -established the Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law |
| Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) | -established a “trust relationship” with the tribes directly under federal authority |
| Worcester v. Georgia (1832) | -Established tribal autonomy within their boundaries |
| Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837) | -the interests of the community are more important than the interests of business |
| Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) | -declared that labor unions were lawful organizations and that the strike was a lawful weapon |
| Scott v. Sanford (1857) | -speaking for a widely divided court, Chief Justice Taney ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and had no standing in court |
| Ex parte Milligan (1866) | -Ruled that a civilian cannot be tried in military courts while civil courts are available |
| Civil Rights Cases of 1883 | -Legalized segregation with regard to private property |
| Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886) | -declared state passed Granger laws that regulated interstate commerce unconstitutional |
| Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad Co. v. Minnesota (1890) | -found that Granger law regulations were violations of the 5th Amendment right to property |
| Pollock v. The Farmers Loan and Trust Co. (1895) | -Declared the income tax under the Wilson-Gorman Tariff to be unconstitutional |
| U.S v. E.C. Knight Co. (1895) | -due to a narrow interpretation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, the Court undermined the authority of the federal government to act against monopolies |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | -legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of “separate but equal” |
| “Insular Cases”/Downes v. Bidwell (1901) | -confirmed the right of the federal government to place tariffs on good entering the U.S. from U.S. territories on the grounds that “the Constitution does not follow the flag” |
| Northern Securities Co. v. U.S. (1904) | -re-established the authority of the federal government to fight monopolies under the Sherman Anti0Trust act |
| Lochner v. New York (1905) | -declared unconstitutional a New York act limiting the working hours of bakers due to a denial of the 14th Amendment rights |
| Muller v. Oregon (1908) | -First case to use the “Brandeis brief”; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns |
| Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) | -declared the Keating-Owen Act unconstitutional on the grounds that it was an invasion of state authority |
| Schenck v. U.S. (1919) | -unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute |
| Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923) | -Declared unconstitutional a minimum wage law for women on the grounds that it denied women freedom of contract |
| Schenchter v. U.S. (1936) | -"sometimes called the ""sick chicken case."" Unanimously declared the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) unconstitutional on three grounds: that the act delegated legislative power to the executive; that there was a lack of constitutional authority |
| Korematsu v. U.S. (1941) | -the court upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during World War 2 |
| Ex parte Endo (1944) | -the court forbade the internment of Japanese-Americans born in the U.S. |
| Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) | -"unanimous decision declaring ""separate but equal"" unconstitutional" |
| Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) | -extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay |
| Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) | -ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police |
| Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | -the court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent |
| Roe v. Wade (1973) | -the court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons |
| U.S. v. Richard Nixon (1974) | -the court rejected Richard Nixon's claim to an absolutely unqualified privilege against any judicial process |
| Bakke v. Regents of the University of California (1978) | -ambiguous ruling by a badly divided court that dealt with affirmative action programs that used race as a basis of selecting participants. the court general upheld affirmative action, but with a 4/4/1 split, it was a very weak decision |
| Marbury v. Madison (1803) | -Establishment of judicial review |
| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | -National supremacy, elastic clause |
| Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) | -Commerce clause |
| Barron v. Baltimore (1833) | -States can take property without compensating owner |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | -"""Separate but equal"" doctrine" |
| Schenck v. US (1919) | -"Speech may be limited when there is a ""clear and present danger""" |
| Gitlow v. New York (1925) | -States cannot deny free speech --> beginning of the incorporation of the Bill of Rights |
| Near v. Minnesota (1931) | -Freedom of the press from prior restraint |
| Korematsu v. US (1944) | -Internment of Japanese was acceptable to protect the nation |
| Brown v. Board of Education (1st and 2nd) (1954-1955) | -Segregation is unconstitutional |
| Mapp v. Ohio (1961) | -Exclusionary rule |
| Engel v. Vitale (1962) | -School-sponsored prayer is unconstitutional |
| Baker v. Carr (1962) | -Redistricting is not a political question. One person, one vote |
| Abington School District v. Schempp (1963) | -No school-sponsored devotional bible reading in public schools |
| Gideon v. Wainright (1963) | -Right to counsel must be respected by the states |
| Wesberry v. Sanders (1963) | -House of Representatives districts must be equal in population |
| Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) | -"Married couples have the right to a ""zone of privacy""" |
| Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | -People must be made aware of their right to counsel and right to remain silent at the time of arrest, protection against self-incrimination |
| Tinker v. Des Moines (1964) | -Symbolic speech is protected in schools |
| NY Times v. US (1971) | -No prior restraint of the press without immediate imperiling of American forces |
| Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) | -"Lemon test: legislation must have secular legislative purpose, must neither promote nor inhibit religion, and must not create ""excessive entanglement""" |
| Miller v. California (1972) | -"Defined obscenity (something that has no purpose other than obscenity, depicts sexual acts/body parts in a way that would be offensive to the ""average person"")" |
| Roe v. Wade (1973) | -Women have the right to an abortion in the 1st trimester |
| US v. Nixon (1974) | -President does have executive privilege but not in a criminal trial |
| Buckley v. Valeo (1976) | -A candidate's self-contributions are symbolic speech |
| Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) | -Racial quotas are unconstitutional (but race can be a factor in admissions) |
| New Jersey v. TLO (1985) | -"Schools only need ""reasonable suspicion"" to search students" |
| Bethel v. Frasier (1986) | -Student speech (verbal) can be limited in a school environment when it does not contribute to education |
| Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988) | -Prior restraint of the press exists in a school environment (because school newspapers are not a public forum) |
| Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989) | -States can place regulations on abortion |
| Texas v. Johnson (1989) | -Flag burning is protected as a form of symbolic speech |
| Employment Division of Oregon v. Smith (1990) | -States can restrain religious practice |
| Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) | -"States can regulate abortion as long as they don't create an ""undue burden""" |
| Shaw v. Reno (1993) | -No racial gerrymandering - race cannot be a predominant factor |
| US v. Lopez (1995) | -Gun Free School Zones Act exceeded Congress's authority to regulate interstate commerce |
| Reno v. ACLU (1997) | -Regulating obscene speech on the internet is unconstitutional |
| Clinton v. New York (1998) | -A line-item veto is an unconstitutional violation of separation of powers |
| Bush v. Gore (2000) | -Halted the recount of ballots in Florida based on the equal protection clause |
| Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002) | -Vouchers for private school tuition are constitutional even though they are predominantly used for religious schools |
| Ashcroft v. ACLU (2002) | -"An act intended to prevent minors from accessing pornography on the internet was struck down because it was not the least restrictive method, it was ""overbroad""" |
| Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) | -"Struck down the use of ""bonus points"" given to minorities when considering students for undergraduate admission" |
| Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) | -Race can be used as a complex factor for admission - University of Michigan did not violate the 14th amendment |
| Lawrence v. Texas (2003) | -Struck down Texas anti-sodomy law on the grounds that it violated the right to privacy |
| Kelo v. New London (2005) | -Eminent domain can be used to force property owners to sell property for private economic development, as long as it benefits the public |
| Gonzales v. Oregon (2006) | -Death with Dignity Act was upheld as a constitutional use of state power |
| Gonzales v. Carhart (2007) | -Upheld the Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003 |
| DC v. Heller (2008) | -Struck down a WA, D.C. ordinance that banned handguns |
| Marbury v Madison 1803 | -John Adam's midnight appointments = William Marbury. Madison withheld the papers. Marbury request an Act of Congress to get papers. Result: Supreme Court strikes this down claiming that this act is unconstitutional. = judicial review |
| McCulloch v Maryland 1819 | -Maryland imposes taxes on Second Bank of the United States. Cashier of bank (McCulloch) refuses to pay. Result: Congress has power to incorporate bank and Maryland cannot tax instruments of the fed. Gov. necessary and proper clause |
| Gibbons v Ogden 1824 | -Special permits giving rights to operate steamboats on New York waters exclusively were given. Gibbons was told he had to pay a fee to travel in New York. Result: New York cannot require licensing from other states. Only national government has that powe |
| Barron v Baltimore 1833 | -Barron was owner of a profitable wharf in the harbor. As the city expanded sand accumulated in the harbor and deprived Barron of deep waters essential to his business so he demands compensation from the state. Result: SC does not have jurisdiction becaus |
| Dred Scott v Sandford 1857 | -Scott was a slave in Missouri and lived in a free state. When he returned to the state he tried to sue saying that he was free since he lived in a free state. Result: Only Congress may confer citizenship and only a citizen of the U.S. may be a citizen of |
| Ex parte Milligan 1866 | -Milligan sentenced to death by military commission for acts of disloyalty. Milligan sought release for habeas corpus. Result: Civil courts do not have jurisdiction over military tribunals. |
| Hirabayashi v US 1943 | -President Roosevelt sets out an executive order for the relocation of aliens to camps during WWII. Hirabayashi was a student who violated curfew and relocation order. Result: The Court ruled that these camps and rules were necessary for developing weapon |
| Reynolds v US 1878 | -Reynolds challenged the anti-bigamy law by taking on another wife in Utah but was convicted. Result: The anti-bigamy statue does not violate the 1st Amendment free exercise because the statute may punish without regard to religious belief. |
| Hall v DeCuir 1878 | -"Mrs. DeCuir sought passage on a steamboat. Benson would not admit her due to her color. Result: SC ruled that Benson has no right to ""regulate commerce"" by not allowing DeCuir on the boat. Additionally, he must obey the 14th Amendment. - civil rights" |
| Civil Rights Cases 1883 | -In several cases, a black person was denied the same accommodations as a white person in violation of the 1875 Civil Rights Act. Result: Congress may only restrain state action due to the 14th amendment. The 10th A. only calls for state actions and not s |
| Yickwo v Hipkins 1886 | -All laundries in wooden buildings were required to have permits. Being Chinese, Yick Wo was denied a permit. Result: SC ruled that the ordinance violated the Equal Protection Clause. On its face the ordinance said equal protection for all although vague. |
| Plessy v Ferguson 1896 | -"A train segregated blacks from whites. Plessy being 7/8 white would not move to the black car and was arrested. Result: SC ruled that the separation is constitutional - ""separate but equal""" |
| Swift v US 1905 | -Monopoly formed in Chicago for meat. Result: Congress has the right to break up monopolies under the Commerce Clause. |
| Weeks v US 1914 | -Police took papers which proved he had engaged in illegally mailing lottery tickets without a warrant. Result: SC ruled that this is a direct violation of the 4th A |
| Schenck v US 1919 | -Schenck sent out circulars encouraging men to peacefully protest the draft. Convicted of violating the Espionage Act. Result: Schenck's actions are not protected under free speech in the 1st A. |
| Gitlow v New York 1925 | -Gitlow publishes manifesto advocating socialism. Result: SC rules that arresting him is a violation of free speech but if that speech leads to dangerous actions then the legislative branch may decide what is or isn't safe to say. |
| Near v Minnesota 1931 | -Near published a newspaper indicating that public officials were gangsters. The state ordered him to stop publishing such newspapers. Result: SC ruled that this directly violates Free Press in 1st A. |
| Schechter Poultry Corp. v US 1935 | -Congress gives the President the power to regulate industry under National Industry Recovery Act. Result: Congress does not have the authority to delegate such powers to the President. |
| DeJonge v Oregon 1937 | -DeJonge assembled to have a meeting with the communist party about protesting and was arrested under a syndicalism statute. Result: SC rules that syndicalism statute violates the due process clause and freedom of assembly. |
| Palko v Connecticut 1937 | -Palko tried and convicted of second degree murder although he committed first degree. Tried again later for first degree murder and sentenced to death. Result: Double Jeopardy is not a fundamental right under the 14th A. and therefore is not applied to t |
| West Coast Hotel Comp. v Parrish 1937 | -Parrish received lower wages than the minimum wage at the hotel. Result: the establishment of minimum wages is constitutionally legitimate. This does not violate the liberty of contract under the 14th A. |
| Minersville School District v Gobitis 1940 | -Two children were expelled for not saluting the American flag at school due to being Jehovah's Witnesses. Result: SC ruled that the salute does infringe on liberties protected by the 1st and 14th. National unity |
| Cantwell v State of Connecticut | -Jehovah's Witnesses went door to door advertising their religion. Arrested for violating a local ordinance for solicitation and inciting a breach in the peace. Result: the state does not have the power to put out an ordinance to limit freedom of religion |
| Cox v New Hampshire 1941 | -Jehovah's witnesses assembled to march on public streets and interfere with normal foot travel. Marchers arrested for violating a state statute that required a license to parade on public grounds. Result: The government cannot place regulations on conten |
| Betts v Brady 1942 | -Betts was arrested for robbery and requested a lawyer. The state refused to provide him one so he went to trial and argued his own case while also arguing the right to an attorney. Result: The state does not have to provide a citizen with an attorney but |
| West Virginia State Board of Ed. v Barnette 1943 | -West Virginia Board of Education required all pupils and teachers to salute the flag each day. Any who did not were expelled. Result: Requiring public school children to salute the flag is unconstitutional. |
| Korematsu v US 1944 | -Japanese Americans were put into internment camps during WWII. Result: The need to protect the safety of the U.S. outweighed any single person's rights. Internment= necessary during wartime |
| Morgan v Virginia 1946 | -Irene Morgan was ordered to sit in the back of the bus. She argued that since it was an interstate bus that the law did not apply. Result: SC rules that the segregation on an interstate bus is unconstitutional. A state can neither require nor forbid segr |
| Terminiello v Chicago 1949 | -Terminiello charged with inciting a riot because of his controversial speech which upset many and caused fights to break out. Result: SC rules that the breach of peace ordinance is unconstitutional and that free speech may only be limited when there is c |
| Feiner v New York 1951 | -After being asked to end a speech twice with the threat of violence, Feiner was arrested. Result: Feiner's arrest was constitutional because of the clear and present danger principle. His arrest maintained peace. |
| Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v Sawyer 1952 | -President Truman issues executive order to have Sawyer seize all steel mills to avert suspected strikes. Result: The President does not have the power to do this because he does not have the power to seize private property. |
| Sweatt v Painter 1950 | -Sweatt was denied admittance to Texas Law School because of his race. Result: SC ruled that the school had to let him in because the separate facility for negroes was not even close to equal. |
| Brown v Board of Education 1954 | -Black children were denied admittance to a white school. Result: Although the separate but equal doctrine should provide for equal facilities, the separation in public education maintains inequality. |
| Trop v Dulles 1958 | -Trop deserted the army and denied doing so. He was then convicted and stripped of his citizenship under an act of Congress. Result: SC rules that stripping a citizen of citizenship is cruel and unusual punishment and unconstitutional by the 8th A. |
| Mapp v Ohio 1961 | -Obscene materials were obtained illegally from Mapp's home. Police tried to use the materials in criminal proceedings. Result: SC ruled that any evidence illegally obtained may not be used in a state court. Exclusionary rule |
| Hoyt v Florida 1961 | -Hoyt was convicted of murdering her husband by an all-male jury when women were exempted from jury duty but could still volunteer. Result: The state statute was upheld, reasoning that women were still the center of the home and could be exempt from such |
| Engel v Vitale 1962 | -A nondenominational prayer was authorized to be said at the start of each day at local public schools. Result: The prayer violated the establishment clause. |
| Baker v Carr 1962 | -A law that was designed to apportion seats of the Tennessee General Assembly was ignored. Result: Legislative apportionments are under the Supreme Court's jurisdiction. |
| Gideon v Wainwright 1963 | -Gideon was charged with breaking and entering in Florida and could not afford an attorney. When he asked to be appointed one, the state said they only had to appoint one to indigenous citizens for capital offenses. Result: SC rules that Gideon has a righ |
| Katzenbach v McClung 1964 | -Owner of a restaurant refused to seat blacks in violation of the Civil Rights Act. Result: Discrimination in restaurants posed significant burdens on interstate flow of food and movement of products. |
| Escobedo v Illinois 1964 | -Escobedo was arrested for murder and was denied a lawyer after request. His lawyer could not consult with him and he confessed to murder. Result: Escobedo was denied rights given by the 5th A. and not properly informed of them. |
| Griswold v Connecticut 1965 | -Mrs. Griswold gave counsel to marital couples that wished to use birth control that was apparently against a Connecticut statute. Result: Marital couples have the right to privacy implied by a few amendments of the Bill of Rights. |
| Miranda v Arizona 1966 | -"In a number of cases, defendants were not informed of their rights under the 5th A. Miranda raped a woman and admitted to it after not being informed of the right to not self-incriminate. Result: The Court cannot use any statements obtained without the |
| Terry v Ohio 1968 | -A policeman had been undercover observing Terry and three other men who were suspected in carrying concealed weapons. Terry was arrested. Result: The search and seizure was perfectly legal because the policeman had more than a hunch. The search was limit |
| Tinker v DesMoines 1969 | -Tinker siblings wore armbands to school to protest the Vietnam War and were suspended after refusing to remove them. Result: Symbolic speech is protected under the first A. The armbands caused no disturbance. |
| Graham v Richardson 1971 | -PA and AZ denied welfare benefits to aliens or those citizens who had not lived in the US for a certain amount of years. Result: SC rules that this is a direct violation of the 14th A. Aliens pay taxes too. |
| New York Times v US 1971 | -The President argues that the publication of the Pentagon Papers is in violation of prior restraint. Result: The barring of the publication of these papers is in violation of the 1st A. Publication does not imperial the public. |
| Lemon v Kurtzman 1971 | -Two state statutes provided funds to non-public schools for textbooks and teacher salaries of secular subjects. Result: The statutes violate the establishment clause of the 1st A. A three part test was created to determine if non-public schools could rec |
| Wisconsin v Yoder 1972 | -Amish people refused to send their children to school past the 8th grade when the state required public schooling for all children until age16. Result: This law is in conflict with the Free Exercise clause. The statute is in direct conflict with Amish be |
| Furman v Georgia 1972 | -Furman was robbing a home when a resident came home. He ran, tripped, fell, and his gun went off and killed the resident. Furman was given the death penalty. Result: In these instances, this is cruel and unusual punishment and in violation of the 8th A. |
| Lloyd Corp. v Tanner 1972 | -Tanner was distributing anti-war handbills in a privately-owned mall. Owner of Lloyd Corp ordered him out. Result: Tanner's 1st A rights are not protected because the material was not related to the mall and he had the option of handing out materials on |
| Miller v California 1973 | -Miller started a mass-mailing campaign of obscene materials and was convicted by a California statute forbidding the mailings. Result: The obscene materials do not enjoy the protection of the 1st A. due to the three prong test established in Roth v. Unit |
| Roe v Wade 1973 | -Roe wished to terminate her pregnancy in Texas where law forbids it unless the woman's life is in danger. Result: A woman's right to an abortion falls under right to privacy protected by the Bill of Rights. |
| US v Nixon 1974 | -President Nixon claimed executive privilege when he withheld certain incriminating tapes from the Court involving the Watergate scandal. Result: The executive branch is not immune from the Court. The executive privilege is limited. |
| Taylor v Louisiana 1975 | -Taylor was convicted of murder by a jury of all men. Result: The ruling of Hoyt v Florida was overturned. Women cannot be excluded from the jury pool. |
| Gregg v Georgia 1976 | -Gregg was charged and found guilty of robbery and murder and sentenced to death. Result: The death sentence is not cruel and unusual punishment if the crime is a severe criminal case. |
| Regents of the University of California v Bakke 1978 | -Bakke was denied both times that he applied to Univ. of CA when the college only had 16 spots available for minorities due to affirmative action. Bakke was more qualified than all of the students admitted in those two years. Result: SC was split. Any rac |
| Plyer v Doe 1982 | -Some Texas education laws allowed for the withholding of state funds to educate children of illegal aliens. Result: The law violates the 14th A. because, although illegal aliens, are people and enjoy such protections. |
| United States v Leon 1984 | -Policemen monitored drug dealings at a home and deduced from the cars going to and from the house that this was true. They requested a search warrant and found evidence on Leon. However, the warrant was invalid because of lack of probable cause. Result: |
| Hudson v Palmer 1984 | -Palmer was a prisoner in a Virginia prison and Hudson found destroyed private property which Palmer had to pay for. Hudson searched his locker without a warrant. Result: The right to privacy does not exist in a prison due to security requirements. |
| Wallace v Jaffree 1985 | -Alabama law allowed teachers to conduct regular religious services at school. Jaffree's three children attended public school in Mobile. Result: The law directly violated the Establishment clause and in fact endorsed religion = unconstitutional |
| New Jersey v T.L.O. 1985 | -A teen was suspected of having drugs in her purse and belongings at school. A search was conducted in her locker and drugs were found and she was sent to a juvenile hall. Result: The search does not violate the 4th A. because the school had reasonable su |
| Hazelwood v Kuhlmeier 1988 | -The principal of a school would not permit the publication of an issue of the school paper because it contained inappropriate material written by students. Result: This does not violate the 1st A. because a school has the right to promote particular type |
| Texas v Johnson 1989 | -Johnson burned an American flag in front of Dallas City Hall to protest the Reagan administration and was arrested. Result: Under the 1st A., Johnson has the right to burn the flag in protest. It cannot be prohibited just because most find it offensive. |
| Stanford v Kentucky 1989 | -A 17 year old was charged with murder, sodomy, and robbery and given the death penalty and the state had a death penalty for juveniles that committed Class A capital crimes. Result: This does not violate the 8th A. due to decency standards. It is also up |
| Cruzan v Missouri 1990 | -Mary Beth Cruzan went into a coma after being involved in a car accident. When her parents wished to take her off of life support, the state prevented them from doing so without court approval. Result: While individuals may refuse medical treatment, one |
| US v Eichman 1990 | -Congress passed the Flag Protection Act in response to Texas v. Johnson. Eichman burned a flag on the steps of the US Capitol in protest of domestic and foreign policy. Result: Similar to Texas v Johnson, the law violates free expression. Allowing a flag |
| US v Lopez 1995 | -Lopez was arrested for carrying a concealed firearm into school under a law made by Congress which prohibits concealed weapons in school zones in relation to the Commerce Clause. Result: Gun possession does not have a significant economic effect on inter |
| Reno v ACLU 1997 | -The Communications Decency Act was created to protest minors from obscene material on the internet. Result: The Act violates the 1st A. because of its broad definition of obscene material which bars free speech. The 1st A only protects from indecent mate |
| Boy Scouts of America v Dale 2000 | -Dale, an adult homosexual and gay-rights activist, was excluded from Boy Scouts after the troop learned of this. A law in New Jersey stated that a citizen cannot be excluded from public accommodations based on sexual orientation or race. Boy Scouts is a |
| Santa Fe Independent School Dist. v Doe 2000 | -A school in the Santa Fe School District permitted student-led, student initiated prayer before each home football game. Result: The student led prayer violates the Establishment clause as the public speech takes place on government property and governme |
| US v Morrison 2000 | -A woman attending Virginia Tech was allegedly raped by two men, Crawford and Morrison. Morrison was found guilty but then appealed to the school board and his sentence was lessened. Brzonkala, the woman who was raped, appealed her case under the Violence |
| Bush v Gore 2000 | -Because of the closeness in the election of 2000, Gore ordered that ballots be recounted in Florida because of a potential mistake. The Florida Supreme Court authorized a recount in all counties. Result: Such a recount is unconstitutional because there i |
| PGA Tour v Martin 2001 | -"During the PGA tour, Martin requested to ride in a golf cart during the qualifying round due to a degenerative circulatory disorder. The cart was denied to him. Result: The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 does require that the PGA give Martin a |
| Watchtower v Stratton 2002 | -The Village of Stratton requires that anyone wishing to advocate religious material on private property must get a permit to do so or be arrested for misdemeanor. Result: This ordinance is unconstitutional due to the 1st A. and anonymous political speech |
| Lawrence v Texas 2003 | -Policemen, entering a private home to follow through with a weapon tip, discovered two men, Lawrence and Garner, engaging in consensual sex. According to the Homosexual Conduct law, the two men were placed under arrest for engaging in homosexual relation |
| Roper v Simmons 2005 | -Christopher Simmons was convicted at 17 years old and sentenced to death in 1993. The state found that this was unconstitutional since the public today found that sentencing minors to death was cruel and unusual punishment. Result: The Court ruled that e |
| Cutter v Wilkinson 2005 | -"A government act authorized the religious practices of inmates at a prison. Prison officials prohibited practices of certain inmates claiming it violated the Establishment Clause. Result: The act does not violate the 1st A. The act was designed to allev |
| Gonzales v Oregon 2006 | -In Oregon, a law was enacted that allowed physicians to legally euthanize terminally ill patients. The Attorney General ordered that under the Controlled Substances Act that physicians were prohibited from this practice. Result: The Supreme Court ruled t |
| Morse v Frederick 2007 | -"A student at a local high school hung up a banner saying ""Bong Hits 4 Jesus"" which advertises the use of marijuana. The principal ordered that the banner be taken down and the student be suspended. Result: School officials can prohibit students from p |
| Medellin v Texas 2008 | -Mendellin was accused and sentenced to death for participating in the gang rape and murder of two teenage girls. Under the Vienna Convention, Mendellin said that he had a right to contact his consulate. The President upheld that states must comply with t |
| Virginia v Moore 2008 | -The police received a tip that Moore had been driving with a suspended license. The state's policy was to issue him a citation and have him appear in court. Instead, the police arrested him and received consent to search his hotel room where they found 1 |
| absolute location | -exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates |
| Adriatic Sea | -Sea between Italy and Balkans |
| Aegean sea | -Sea between Greece and Turkey |
| Approx. how many people live in Asia? | -3.9 billion. |
| Approx. how many people live in South America? | -330 Million. |
| Approx. how many people live in the E.U.? | -460 Million. |
| Arabian Sea | -Part of the Indian Ocean whose main arms include the Gulf of Oman and the Gulf of Aden |
| Aswan Dam | -Major dam on the Nile River in Egypt. |
| basin | -are of land drained by a given river and its branches area of land surrounded by lands of higher elevations |
| Bavaria | -Major state in Southwestern Germany, next to Austria and Czech Republic |
| bay | -part of a large basin of water that extends into a shoreline, generally smaller than a gulf |
| Bay of Biscay | -Part of Atlantic, bordered west coast of France, north coast of Spain |
| Bay of Bengal | -Part of Indian Ocean between India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and SE Asia |
| Bering Sea | -Northward extension of the Pacific Ocean between Siberia and Alaska. |
| Borneo | -Island in Indonesia SW of the Phillipines |
| Bosporus | -Straight separating the European and the Asian portions of Turkey. |
| Brahmaputra | -Source: Himalayan Mountains, Tibet Outflow: Ganges River |
| canyon | -deep and narrow valley with steep walls |
| cape | -point of land that extends into a river, lake, or ocean |
| Capri | -Island in the bay of Naples in Southern Italy |
| Caspian sea | -Salwater lake between Europe and Asia, bordered by Azerbaijan, Russia and Kazakhstan, Iran. |
| channel | -wide strait or waterway between two land masses that close to each other, deep part of a river or other waterway |
| Congo River | -River of Central Africa, flowing through Congo to the Atlantic Ocean |
| Crimea | -Peninsula in the extreme southern Ukraine in the Black Sea. |
| Danube River | -Second longest European river through central and SE Europe. Empties Black Sea |
| Darling | -Source: Eastern Highlands, Australia Outflow: Murray River |
| Dead sea | -Salt lake on the border between Israel and Jordan. Lowest point of dry land on earth. |
| divide | -stretch of high land that seperates river systems |
| downstream | -direction in witch a river or stream flows from its source to its mouth |
| Elbe river | -River in central Europe, flowing from NW Czech to North sea |
| elevation | -height of land above sea level |
| Ganges | -Source: Himalayas Outflow: Bay of Bengal |
| glacier | -large, thick body of slowly moving ice |
| gulf | -part of a large basin of water that extends into a shoreline, generally bigger than a bay |
| harbor | -a sheltered place along the shoreline where ships can anchor safely |
| highland | -elevated land area such as a hill, mountian, or plateau |
| hill | -elevated land with sloping sides and rounded summit, generally smaller than a mountian |
| Indus | -Source: Himalayan Mountains, Tibet Outflow: Arabian Sea |
| isthmus | -narrow stretch of land connecting two larger land areas |
| Lena | -Source: Baikal Mountains, Russia Outflow: Arctic Ocean |
| lowland | -land, usually level, at a low elevation |
| Mackenzie | -Source: Finlay River, British Columbia Outflow: Beaufort Sea |
| Mekong | -Source: Tibetan Highlands Outflow: South China Sea |
| meridian | -one of many lines on the global grid running from the North pole to the South pole, used to measure degrees of longitude |
| mesa | -broad, flat- topped landform with steep sides, smaller than a plateau |
| Missouri | -Source: Confluence of Gallatin, Jefferson, and Madison rivers in Montana Outflow: Mississippi River |
| Murray | -Source: Australian Alps, New South Wales Outflow: Indian Ocean |
| Name the 3 deserts of Africa from north to south. | -Sahara, Namib, Kalahari |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of American Samoa. | -Pago Pago. South Pacific Ocean. Near Samoa. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Andorra. | -Andorra La Vella. Spain, France. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Angola. | -Luanda. South Atlantic Ocean. Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Namibia. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Argentina. | -Buenos Aires. Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay, South Atlantic Ocean. Contains the Rio Parana. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Armenia. | -Yerevan. Georgia, AZERBAIJAN, Iran, Turkey. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Australia. | -Canberra. Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, Near East Timor, Papa New Guinea, Indonesia. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Austria. | -Vienna (on the Danube river). Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy, Switzedrland, Liechtenstein. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Azerbaijan. | -Baku (on the Caspian Sea). Iran, Armenia, Georgia, Russia. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Bahrain. | -Manama. In the Gulf of Bahrain (Persian Gulf) near Saudi Aurabia, Qatar. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Bangladesh. | -Dhaka. India, Burma, and Bay of bengal (Indian Ocean). Contains Ganges , Meghna, and Jamuna Rivers. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Belarus. | -Minsk. Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Belgium. | -Brussels. North Sea, Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, France. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Belize. | -Belmopan. Mexico, Guatemala, Caribbean sea. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Benin. | -Porto Novo. Togo, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Atlantic Ocean. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Bhutan. | -Thimphu. China, India. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Bolivia. | -La Paz. Chile, Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Bosnia and Herzegovina. | -Sarajevo. Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro, Adriatic Sea. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Botswana. | -Gaborone. Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Namibia. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Brazil. | -Brazilia. Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, North Atlantic Ocean. Contains Amazon and Parana rivers. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Bulgaria. | -Sofia. Romania (seperated by the Danube river), The Black Sea, Greece, Turkey, Serbia and Montenegro, Macedonia. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Burkina Faso. | -Ouagadougou. Niger, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Cote d'Ivorie, Mali. Contains the Black Volta River. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Burma. | -Rangoon. India, China, Laos, Thailand, Bay of Bengal (Indian Ocean) |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Burundi. | -Bujumbura. Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lake Tanganyika, Tanzania. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Cambodia. | -Phnom Penh. Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Gulf of Thailand (Indian Ocean). Contains the Mekong river. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Cameroon. | -Yaounde. Nigeria, Chad, Central African Republic, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Equitorial Guinea, Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean). |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Central African Republic. | -Bangui. Chad, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Cameroon, Republic of Congo. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Chad. | -N'Djamena. Libya, C.A.R, Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan. Contains Lake Chad. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Chile. | -Santiago. South Pacific Ocean, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, South Atlantic Ocean via Straight of Magellan. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Kenya. | -Nairobi. Tanzania, Ethiopia, Somolia, Sudan, Uganda, Indian ocean, lake Victoria. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Kyrgystan. | -Bishkek. Uzbekistan, China, Khazakstan, Tajikistan. Contains Naryn River. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Laos. | -Vientiane. Thailand (border is Mekong river), China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Latvia. | -Riga. Estonia, Lituania, Baltic Sea, Russia, Belarus. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Lesotho. | -Maseru. South Africa. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Liberia. | -Monrovia. Sierra Leone, Cote d'Ivorie, Guniea, Atlantic Ocean. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Liechtenstein. | -Vaduz. Switzerland, Austria. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Lithuania. | -Vilnius. Russia, Latvia, Poland, Belarus, Baltic Sea. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Luxembourg. | -Luxembourg. Belgium, Germany, France. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Macedonia. | -Skopje. Serbia and Montenegro, Greece, Albania, Bulgaria. Contains Vardar river. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Madagascar. | -Antananarivo. Near Comoros in Indian ocean. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Malawi. | -Lilongwe. Zambia, Tanzania, Mozambique, Lake Nyasa. Contains Shire river. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Malaysia. | -Kuala Lumpur. Thailand, Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore. Near Vietnam and Philippines in South China Sea. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Maldives. | -Male. Near India in Indian Ocean. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Mali. | -Bamako. Guinea, Senegal, Algeria, Niger, Mauritania, Cote d'Ivorie, Burkina Faso. Contains Niger river. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Malta. | -Valletta. Mediterranean sea. Former UK colony, now EU member. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Mauritania. | -Nouakchott. Western Sahara, Mali, Algeria, Senegal (border is Senegal river), North Atlantic. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Mexico. | -Mexico City. United States, Guatemala, Belize, Pacific ocean, mediterranean sea. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Moldova. | -Chisinau. Romania, Ukraine. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Mongolia. | -Ulaanbaatar. China, Russia. Contains part of Gobi Desert. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Morocco. | -Casablanca. Western Sahara, Algeria, Spain, Atlantic ocean, mediterranean sea. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Mozambique. | -Maputo. Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, South Africa, Indian Ocean, Lake Nyasa. Contains Zambezi River. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Namibia. | -Windhoek. Botswana, South Africa, Angola, Zambia, South Atlantic Ocean. Contains Kalahari and Namib Deserts. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Nepal. | -Kathmandu. China, India. Contains Mt. Everest. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Netherlands. | -Amsterdam. Belgium, Germany, North Sea. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of New Zealand. | -Wellington. South Pacific Ocean near Australia. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Nicaragua. | -Managua. Costa Rica, Honduras, Mediterranean Sea, Pacific Ocean. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Niger. | -Niamey. Nigeria, Algeria, Libya, Chad, Burkina Faso, Benin, Mali, Contains Niger River And part of sahara desert. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Nigeria. | -Abuja. Chad, Niger, Cameroon, Benin, Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean). Contains Benue and Niger Rivers. Former English Colony. Member of OPEC. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Oman. | -Muscat. Saudi Arabia, Yemen, UAE, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Papua New Guinea. | -Port Moresby. Indonesia, Coral Sea (Pacific Ocean). Near Australia. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Paraguay. | -Asuncion. Brazil (Rio Parana forms part of border), Argentina, Bolivia. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Peru. | -Lima. Pacific Ocean. Equador, Colombia, Bolivia, Chile, Brazil. Contains source of Amazon River and Lake Titicaca. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Philippines. | -Manila. South Pacific Ocean. Near Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Taiwan. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Poland. | -Warsaw. Baltic Sea, Russia, Belarus, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Lithuania. Contains Vistula and Oder Rivers. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Portugal. | -Lisbon. Spain, Atlantic Ocean. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Puerto Rico. | -San Juan. Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Spanish colony ceded to US after spanish-american war. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Romania. | -Bucharest. Hungary, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Black Sea, Moldova, Serbia and Montenegro (across Danube River). |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Rwanda. | -Kigali. Uganda, Brundi, DPR Congo, Tanzania, lake Kivu. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Sao Tome and Principe. | -Sao Tome. Gulf of Guinea near Equitorial Guinea. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Senegal. | -Dakar. The Gambia, Mali, Mauritania, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Atlantic Ocean. Former French Colony liberated 1960. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Seychelles. | -Victoria. In Indian ocean near Comoros, Madagascar. Independant from UK in 1976. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Sierra Leone. | -Freetown. Liberia, Guinea, Atlantic Ocean. Former UK Colony freed in 1961. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Singapore. | -Singpore. Malaysia, Indian Ocean, Indonesia (across Singapore Strait). Freed from UK in 1963. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Slovakia. | -Bratislava. Czech Republic, Poland, Ukraine, Austria, Hungary (Danube river forms partial border), Contains Vah river. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Slovenia. | -Ljubljana. Italy, Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Gulf of Venice (Adriatic Sea). |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Somalia. | -Mogadishu. Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Red Sea, Indian Ocean. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of South Korea. | -Seoul. North Korea, Sea of Japan (Pacific Ocean). Near Japan, China, Russia. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Sri Lanka. | -Colombo. Bay of Bengal (Indian Ocean)near India and Maldives. |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Sudan. | -Khartoum. Egypt, Libya, Chad, CAR, DPR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Eritria, Ethiopia, Red Sea. Contains Nile River (White and Blue forks). |
| Name the Capital and bordering countries of Suriname. | -Paramaribo. French Guiana, Brazil, Guyana, North Atlantic Ocean. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of The Bahamas. | -Nassau. In North Atlantic ocean near US (florida) and Cuba. |
| Name the capital and countries that border Algeria. | -Algiers. Mediterranean Sea, Tunesia, Libya, Niger,Mali, Mauritania, Western Sahara, Morocco. |
| Name the Capital and neighboring countries of Costa Rica. | -San Jose. Nicaragua, Panama, Caribbean Sea, Pacific Ocean. |
| Name the Capital and neighboring countries of Cote d'Ivorie. | -Yamoussoukro. Ghana, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Atlantic Ocean, Guinea, Mali. |
| Name the Capital and neighboring countries of Croatia. | -Zagreb. Slovenia, Adriatic Sea, Sebia and Montenegro (Danube river forms the border), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary. |
| Name the Capital and neighboring countries of Czech Republic. | -Prague. Germany, Slovakia, Poland, Austria. Contains the Elbe river. |
| Name the Capital and neighboring countries of Democratic Republic of the Congo. | -Kinshasa. Republic of the Congo (Congo River makes a large part of the border), Angola, Tanzania (across lake Tanganyika), Rwanda, Brundi, C.A.R., Uganda, Sudan, Zambia. Contains Lualaba river. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Djibouti. | -Djibouti. Eritrea, Somolia, Ethiopia, Red Sea. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of East Timor. | -Dili. Indonesia, Timor Sea, Banda Sea (south Pacific Ocean). |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Ecuador. | -Quito. Columbia, Peru, Pacific Ocean. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Equatorial Guinea. | -Malabo. Cameroon, Gabon, Gulf of Guinea. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Eritrea. | -Asmara. Red Sea, Sudan, Djibouti, Ethiopia. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Ethiopia. | -Addis Ababa. Sudan, Djibouti, Eritrea, Somolia, Kenya. Contains source of the Blue Nile & the great rift valley. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Fiji. | -Suva. South Pacific Ocean. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Finland. | -Helinski. Russia, North Sea, Sweden, Norway, Estonia (across gulf of Finland), Baltic Sea. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of French Guiana. | -Cayenne. North Atlantic Ocean, Suriname, Brazil. The only non-independant state in South America. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of French Polynesia. | -Papeete. South Pacific ocean. France conducted nuclear tests here as recently as 1996. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Gabon. | -Libreville. Atlantic Ocean, Equitorial Guiana, Cameroon, Republic of the congo. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Gabon. | -Libreville. Atlantic Ocean, Equitorial Guiana, Cameroon, Republic of the congo. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Georgia. | -Tblisi (on the Mlkvari River). Russia (across the caucas mountains), Black Sea, Armenia, Turkey, Azerbaijan. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Ghana. | -Accra. Togo, Cote d'Ivorie, Burkina Faso, Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic). Contains Lake Volta. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Greece. | -Athens. Macedonia, Albania, Turkey, Bulgaria, Ionian Sea, Aegean Sea, Sea of Crete, Mediterranean Sea. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Guatemala. | -Guatemala City. Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador, Belize, Pacific Ocean, Mediterranean Sea. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Guinea. | -Conakry. Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cote d'Ivorie, Atlantic Ocean. Contains the Niger River. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Guinea-Bissau. | -Bissau. Senegal, Guinea, Atlantic Ocean. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Guyana. | -Georgetown. Venezuela, Suriname, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean. |
| Name the Capital and neighboring countries of Italy. | -Rome. Monaco, France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, Mediterranean Sea. Contains Po river. |
| Name the Capital and neighboring countries of Jamaica. | -Kingston. Carribean sea. |
| Name the Capital and neighboring countries of Jordan. | -Amman. Israel, Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Contains Dead Sea and Jordan River. |
| Name the Capital and neighboring countries of Kazakhstan. | -Astana. Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgystan, Russia, China, Caspian Sea. Contains Aral sea, Ertis river. |
| Name the Capital and neighboring countries of Republic of the Congo. | -Brazzaville. South Atlantic Ocean, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (most of border is Congo River), Cameroon, Equitorial Guinea, C.A.R. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Sweden. | -Stockholm. Norway, Finland, Baltic Sea, Near Denmark. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Tajikistan. | -Dushanbe. Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, China, Afghanistan. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Tanzania. | -Dar es Salaam. Kenya, Burundi, Mozambique, Zambia, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda, DPR Congo, Lake Victoria, Indian Ocean, Lake Nyasa. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of the Dominican Republic. | -Santo Domingo. Haiti, North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of The Gambia. | -Banjul. Senegal, Atlantic Ocean. Contains the Gambia river delta. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of the United Arab Emirates. | -Abu Dhabi. Saudi Arabia, Oman, Persian Gulf, near Qatar. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of the US Virgin Islands. | -Charlotte Amalie. North Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Togo. | -Lome. Burkina Faso, Benin, Ghana, Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean). |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Tunisia. | -Tunis. Libya, Algeria, Mediterranean Sea. Independent from france in 1956. Best arab nation on womens rights. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Turkey. | -Ankara. Greece, Bulgaria, Syria, Iraq, Turkmenistan, Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Azerbaijan, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea, Bosporus Strait, Dardanelles, contains source of Tigris and Euphrates rivers. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Turkmenistan. | -Ashgabat. Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Caspian Sea, Amu Darya River. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Uganda. | -Kampala. DPR Congo, Rwanda, Lake Victoria, Sudan, Tanzania, Kenya, Victoria branch of the Nile River. Independant from the UK in 1962. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Ukraine. | -Kiev. Romania, Russia, Moldova, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Belarus, the Black Sea. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Uruguay. | -Montevideo. Brazil, Argentina, Atlantic Ocean, Rio Negro. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Uzbekistan. | -Tashkent. Kazakistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Aral Sea. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Venezuela. | -Caracas. Colombia, Brazil, Guyana, Mediterranean Sea, Trinidad and Tobago, Aruba, Grenada, Barbados. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Western Sahara. | -Morocco, Mauritania, Algeria, Atlantic Ocean. It is currently claimed by Morocco and has no capital. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Yemen. | -Sanaa. Saudi Arabia, Oman, Red Sea, Djibouti, Eritrea, Somolia, Arabian Sea (Indian Ocean). |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Zambia. | -Lusaka. DPR Congo, Malawi, Angola, Botswana, Nambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Tanzania, contains Zambezi river. Independant from UK in 1964. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Zimbabwe. | -Harare. Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Botswana, South Africa. Independant from UK circa 1961. |
| Name the countries that feed into the Nile River. | -Sudan, Ethiopia, Egypt, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Eritrea, Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| Nile | -Source: Lake Victoria, Africa Outflow: Mediterranean Sea |
| Orinoco | -Source: Serra Parima Mountains in Venezuela (Serra Parima, Portuguese; Sierra Parima, Spanish) Outflow: Atlantic Ocean |
| physical feature | -characteristic of a place occuring naturally, such as a landform, body of water, climate pattern, or resource |
| Purus | -Source: Andes Mountains of Peru Outflow: Amazon River |
| relief | -changes in elevation over a given area of land |
| Ruhr Valley | -West-central Germany. Its main industrial region |
| sea | -large body of water completely or partly surrounded by land |
| seacoast | -land lying next to a sea or an ocean |
| sound | -broad inland body of water, often between a caostline and one or more islands off the coast |
| source | -(of a river) place where a river or stream begins, often in highlands |
| tributary | -small river or stream that flows into a large river or stream a branch of the river |
| Volga | -Source: Valdai Plateau, Russia Outflow: Caspian Sea |
| What are The Narrows? | -The entrance to New York Harbor. |
| What body of water does the Danube drain into? | -The Black Sea. |
| What countries feed into the Brahmaputra River? | -India (58.0%), P.R. China (19.7%), Nepal (9.0%), Bangladesh (6.6%), Disputed India/P.R. China (4.2%), Bhutan (2.4%) |
| What countries feed into the Congo River? | -Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Cameroon, Zambia, Burundi, Rwanda |
| What countries feed into the Danube River? | -Romania (28.9%), Hungary (11.7%), Austria (10.3%), Serbia and Montenegro (10.3%), Germany (7.5%), Slovakia (5.8%), Bulgaria (5.2%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (4.8%), Croatia (4.5%), Ukraine (3.8%), Czech Republic (2.6%), Slovenia (2.2%), Moldova (1.7%), Swi |
| What countries feed into the Mekong River? | -Laos, Thailand, P.R. China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar |
| What countries feed into the Niger River? | -Nigeria, Mali, Niger, Algeria, Guinea, Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, Chad |
| What countries have access to the Black Sea? | -Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia, Russia, Ukraine |
| What countries have access to the Caspian Sea? | -Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Azerbaijan. Russia's Volga river and a canal system links it to the Black Sea. |
| Necessary and Proper Clause (aka: “elastic clause”) | -Congress can make laws as long as tangibly related to its duties |
| supremacy clause | -federal government supersedes state government |
| tariff of abominations | -import tax made by President Jackson in 1828, led to nullification doctrine |
| nullification doctrine | -because 10th amendment says states have rights that the constitution is silent about, and the constitution is silent about nullifying a law (not following,) so to, states have the right to nullify laws. (Unconstitutional) |
| grandfather clause, white primaries, poll taxes, literacy tests | -reactions to 15th amendment; grandfather clause= if grandfather could vote prior to 1865, you can; if he couldn’t you couldn’t. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1866 | -military enforcement of 13th, 14th and 15th amendments |
| Civil Rights Act of 1872 | -it is a crime to interfere with another persons’ constitutional rights |
| "Senate Rule #22" | -a) 16 + people sign petition for cloture b) 3/5 Senate vote for cloture |
| cloture | -defeat filibuster of bill; every senator gets a maximum of an hour to speak and then vote on bill |
| reapportionment | -seats in House get reorganized after census |
| redistricting | -after census, have to make equal districts. Prior to 1964: equal districts not dependent on equal population; post 1964: dependent fully on equal population |
| gerrymandering | -manipulating redistricting for political advantage |
| speech and debate clause | -a member of Congress can’t be charged with slander/libel if statement was said under official duties |
| how a bill becomes a law | -House: 1) introduce bill-submit to Speaker 2) committee stage- speaker gives to correct standing committees (amendments must be germane–related to subject matter), discharge petition (if refuse to release bill after 30 days, 218 can insist bill goes to p |
| executive budget | -18 months before fiscal year; spring review: agency review budget and then send request to OMB. fall review: OMB reviews request and meets with agency head for final decision + send to Pres. (who must approve by Jan and send to Congress.) Congress must a |
| first budget resolution | -sets overall revenue + target for upcoming year |
| second budget resolution | -binding limits on taxes for upcoming year |
| continuing resolutions | -when Congress fails to make resolutions, agencies stick to last year’s budget |
| unit rule | -majority of electors’ vote = state vote (Exception: Nebraska and Maine) |
| Pendleton Act of 1883 | -a) president can only fire civil servants on merit based system b) made Civil Service Commission, which administers exams for government jobs for civil servants |
| War Powers Resolution Act | -1973; a) President has to notify Congress within 48 hours of sending troops b) if Congress doesn’t object to troops within 60 days, war; otherwise, troops would have come back before 60 days |
| Line Item veto | -President can veto sections of bill and then sign bill; this was deemed unconstitutional by Clinton v. The City of New York because both chambers of Congress have to approve of changes |
| "bill #4890" | -President can veto sections of bill if he sends it back to both chambers of Congress |
| emergency lawmaking powers | -President is granted ELPs as long as a) Congress approves and b) it is foreign affairs |
| executive orders | -President's legislative powers as long as a) enforce US constitution, b) enforce federal law, c) enforce treaty d) establish/change procedure of exec. agencies. Exec. orders must be recorded in the Federal Register |
| impeachment | -50.1% House, guilt= 2/3 Senate and 3/4 state legislatures |
| creating/abolishing cabinet dept | -president requests, Congress approves/denies |
| creates IEAs? | -president |
| locates IEAs? | -Congress |
| deregulation | -take away some regulations because stifles agency and therefore ruins efficiency |
| reregulation | -increase/change in regulation |
| Hatch Act of 1939 (aka: Political Activities Act of 1939) | -civil servants cannot work on political campaigns. Originally, unconstitutional because violates freedom of association; however, court then reversed decision because a) need gov't to be non-partisan and b) civil servants waive this freedom and can find |
| Office of Personnel and Management and Merit Systems Protection Board | -both replaced the Civil Service Commission; OPM= recruit, interview, administer exams on potential civil servants. MSPB=look at employee complaints |
| Government in Sunshine Act | -publicize government action-exception: personnel problems and courtroom proceedings. Plus, doesn't work for everything like CIA |
| Sunset Laws | -make temporary committees. exception defeat purpose |
| 1978 Civil Service Reform Act | -whistleblowers don't get punished for whistleblowing |
| 1986 False Claims Act | -whistleblowers get compensation for whistleblowing |
| 1989 Whistleblower Protection Act (Office of Special Counsel) | -office reviews complaints of whistleblowers who got punished |
| Enabling Legislation | -Congress makes agency and lets agency make its own rules and regulations. Why? a) lack expertise, b) lack time, c) blameshift if agency goes wrong |
| common law | -decisions based on prevailing customs, eventually precedent |
| precedent | -decisions that prevails in similar cases |
| stare decisis | -judges must go by precedent |
| sources of american law | -a) US constitution, b) state constitution, c) laws by legislative bodies, d) laws made by administrative agencies e) case law (binding precedent) |
| triggering fed. jurisdiction | -if court involves a) constitution, b) federal law c) diversity citizenship dealing with $75,000 + and d) treaties |
| general jurisdiction | -court decides on broad spectrum of cases |
| limited jurisdiction | -court decides on particular issues |
| grounds for appeal | -when there is a question of law (case proceedings) and not question of fact (guilt/innocence) |
| amicus curaie brief | -3rd party writes a brief stating their interest in the case and what they want decision to be. However, they are not directly involved with case |
| class-action lawsuits | -a group of people sue a company for damages (people have same or similar claim) |
| writ of certiorari + rule of four | -writ: the request of records from lower court; this is only issued if at least 4 justices want it. By not requesting writ, doesn't affect ruling |
| obiter dictim | -extending verdict to make precedent (Dred Scott case-->precedent is Congress can't prohibit slavery) |
| remand | -case is defective; case sent back to district court |
| dismissing with/without prejudice | -with prejudice: prosecution illegally acquired evidence and cannot refile. without prejudice: reversible error that was not the fault of prosecution, so they can refile charges later |
| unanimous opinion | -all justices agree on decision and reasoning |
| majority opinion | -5-8 justices agree on decision and reasoning |
| concurrent opinion | -1-4 justices agree on decision but not reasoning |
| dissenting opinion | -1-4 justices don't agree on decision or reasoning |
| senatorial courtesy | -one senator can object to a federal judge nomination. All have to apply: a) nominee= for district court b) senator is from same state as person c) senator is from same political party as president |
| establishment clause | -government cannot prohibit or advance religion. a) no coercion b) no official church c) no punishment for beliefs d) no extensive participation e) no preference |
| lemon test | -test to make sure government action isn't violating establishment clause. a) purpose: law made for secular purpose b) effect: the primary effect is not religious or areligious c) entanglement- government doesn't get too entangled with a religious/areligi |
| gov't aid for religious schools | -can aid: vouchers, standardized testing, transportation, lunch, secular textbooks. can't aid: reimbursing field trips, paying employees, funding for school's own achievement tests |
| protected/unprotected speech | -protected speech: high level speech--government can't prohibit it. unprotected speech- low level speech--government can restrict it. |
| clear and present danger | -government can prohibit all speech that causes clear and present danger to public |
| bad tendency rule | -"government can prohibit speech that talks about destroying government because of the ""gravity of evil"" of the speech" |
| obscenity | -disgusting language/material as specified by Miller v. California (aka: Miller test- a) avg person would find it offensive b) made with deviant interest c) obvious offensive conduct d) no merit ) |
| equal time rule | -candidates each get equal time/quality |
| exclusionary rule | -evidence retrieved illegally are void in court |
| exceptions to exclusionary rule | -a) would've gotten it anyways: if can prove that would have gotten it legally as well, it's fine. b) good faith: unknown to the officer, the evidence was retrieved illegally; it's fine |
| Civil Rights Act of 1875 | -all public/privately owned public places cannot discriminate against anyone. Southerners brought it to SCOTUS and was made as unconstitutional because can't demand private sector to do anything |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | -cannot discriminate against: age, gender, sexual orientation, race including in private sector. Heart of Atlanta Motel tried to fight this but failed. |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | -a) if 5% or more voters in an area speak another language, have bilingual voting b) outlaws discriminatory voting c) federal administration of voting can take over state's voting rights |
| Equal Rights Amendment | -NOW tries pushing equal rights for equal pay. ERA won't pass because a) duplicate legislation (14th amendment) but really because companies control everyone with $$ and paying women less gets the company as well as the government more money |
| Low Scrutiny Test | -age, disabilities, sexual orientation known as non-suspect classes, tend to not be discriminated against for a discriminatory purpose but rather because harder to accomplish objective. requirements: a) serve legitimate objective, b) means are conceptuall |
| Medium Scrutiny Test | -gender. Requirements: a) serves important gov't objective b) means are substantially related towards accomplishing the objective |
| High Scrutiny Test | -race. Requirements: a) serves a compelling gov't interest b) means are narrowly tailored toward accomplishing the objective |
| Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1964 | -approaches gender discrimination in 3 ways: a) blanket prohibition against gender discrimination b) prohibits discrimination based on pregnancy c) prohibits hostile working environment and sexual harassment in the workplace |
| Affirmative Action | -government's attempt to remedy the competitive disadvantage suffered by minority groups as a result of past discrimination |
| Age Discrimination in Employment Act | -a) all people over 40 b) prohibits age discrimination unless bonafide occupational qualification |
| Americans with Disabilities Act | -a) prohibits job discrimination against those with physical/mental impairment b) requires all public buildings/services accomodate disabled people c) employers must make accommodations for those with disabilities unless creates undue hardship on employer |
| Economics | -The science that studies the choices of people trying to satisfy their wants in a world characterized by scarcity |
| Scarcity | -Wants greater than resources |
| Opportunity Cost | -What you give up to do what you are doing |
| Zero Opportunity Cost | -Exists when someone doesn’t give up anything in choosing to do something else |
| Macroeconomics | -The big picture |
| Satisfaction | -Utility |
| Choice | -A consequence of scarcity |
| Zero Price | -No dollars or cents are charged for a good |
| Free Rider | -Receives the benefits but does not pay anything |
| Private Good | -Benefits of the good can be denied to a person |
| Public Good | -Benefits of the good cannot be denied to anyone |
| Contract | -An agreement between two or more people to do something |
| Total Revenue | -Price times number of units sold |
| Incentive | -Encourages or motivates a person toward action |
| Law of Demand | -Price and quantity demanded move in opposite directions |
| Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility | -Eventually the utility of additional unit decreases |
| Quantity Supplied | -Specific number of units of a good produced and offered for sale at a specific price |
| Unit Elastic | -Percentage change in quantity demanded equals percentage change in price |
| Increase in Resource Prices | -Will end up shifting supply curve to the left |
| Normal Good | -Income rises, demand for good rises |
| Substitutes | -Price of good A moves in the same direction as demand for good B |
| Shortage | -Exists when quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied |
| Surplus | -Exists when quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded |
| Equilibrium Price | -The price that exists in the market when the quantity supplied of a good equals the quantity demanded |
| Equilibrium | -The market setting in which the quantity supplied of a good equals the quantity demanded |
| Brute Force | -A rationing device that is not commonly used today in the United States |
| Price | -A commonly used rationing device in the United States |
| Fixed Cost | -Does not change as business firm produces more units of a good |
| Board of Directors | -Chosen by the stockholders of the firm |
| Corporation | -Form of business organization in which owners have unlimited liability |
| Marginal Revenue | -Additional revenue gained from selling an additional unit of a good |
| Partnership | -Form of business organization in which owners have unlimited liability |
| Stockholder | -One of the owners of the corporation |
| Total Cost | -Fixed cost plus variable cost |
| Government Monopoly | -Legally protected from competition |
| Copyright | -Like a patent, but for authors or publishers |
| Perfect Competition | -A market in which firms have no control over price |
| Monopolist | -Single seller of a good |
| Monopolistic Competition | -Many sellers and slightly differentiated products |
| Oligopoly | -Few sellers and identical or slightly differentiated products |
| Patent | -Effective for 17 years |
| Equilibrium Wage Rate | -The wage rate at which the quantity of labor supplied equals the quantity demanded |
| Right-To-Work-Law | -Law that makes it illegal for employers to requre union membership as a condition of employment |
| Minimum Wage | -A wage rate determined by Congress |
| Unemployment Rate | -The number of persons unemployed divided by the number of persons in the civilian labor force |
| Closed Shop | -An organization that hires only union members |
| Union Shop | -An organization that does not require individuals to be union members in order to be hired but does require them to join the union within a certain period |
| A Retired Person | -An example of a person not in the labor force |
| A Person on Strike | -An example of an employed person |
| Positive Balance of Trade | -Exports greater than imports |
| Negative Balance of Trade | -Exports less than imports |
| Comparative Advantage | -Producing at lower opportunity cost |
| Tariff | -A tax on imported goods |
| Quota | -A legal limit on the amount of a good that may be imported |
| Infant-Industry Argument | -Idea that new industries have to be given time to develop |
| Dumping | -Selling below cost and below the price domestic residents are asked to pay |
| Appreciation Occurs | -When a nation's currency fetches more of some other nation's currency |
| Cooperative | -A business that provides services to its members and is not run for profit |
| Sole Proprietorship | -A business that is owned by one individual who makes all business decisions, receives all the profits or takes all the losses of the firm, and is legally responsible for the debts of the firm |
| Limited Partner | -In a limited partnership, a partner who cannot participate in the management of the firm and who has limited liability. |
| General Partner | -In a limited partnership, a partner who is responsible for the management of the firm and who has unlimited liability |
| Dividend | -A share of the profits of a corporation distributed to stockholders |
| Asset | -Anything of value to which the firm has legal claim |
| Bond | -A statement of debt issued by a corporation. The corporation promises to pay a certain sum of money at maturity and also to pay periodic fixed sums until that date |
| Franchise | -A contract by which a firm (usually a corporation) lets a person or group use its name and sell its goods in exchange for certain payments being made and certain requirements being met |
| Marginal Costs | -The change in total cost that results from producing an additional unit of output |
| Variable Costs | -Cost, or expense that changes with the number of units of a good produced |
| Profit | -The amount of money left over after all the costs of production have been paid. Profit exists whenever total revenue is greater than total costs. |
| Wage Rate | -The price of labor |
| Minimum Wage Law | -A federal law that specifies the lowest hourly wage rate that can be paid to workers, this law is established by Congress |
| Labor Union | -An organization that seeks to increase the wages and improve the working conditions of its members |
| Taft-Harley Act | -An act, passed in 1947 by the U.S. Congress, which gave states the right to pass right-to-work laws. These right-to-work laws prohibit employers from establishing union membership as a condition of employment |
| Downsizing | -Restructuring a firm and decreasing its size so that it is a less costly, more productive, more efficient operation |
| Global Competition | -Competition from all over the world. American business firms and workers today are said to be faced with global competition. |
| Technology | -The body of skills and knowledge concerning the use of resources in production |
| Barter Economy | -An economy in which trades are made in goods and services instead of money |
| Double Coincidence of Wants | -The situation in which each of two parties to an exchange has what the other wants |
| Money | -A good that is widely accepted for the purposes of exchange |
| Face Value | -The stated denomination on paper money or coins |
| Checking Account | -A deposit that is withdrawable on demand and transferable by means of a check. It is also known as a demand deposit and is the largest component of the money supply |
| Near Money | -Assets, such as non checking savings accounts, that can be easily and quickly turned into money |
| Debit Card | -A card that can be used to withdraw funds at automated teller machines and to pay for purchases by electronically transferring funds from one account to another |
| Money Supply | -The total supply of money in circulation, composed of currency, checking accounts, and traveler's checks. |
| Reserve Requirement | -A regulation which requires a bank to keep a certain percentage of each dollar deposited in the bank in its reserve account at the Fed or in its vault (as vault cash) |
| Open Market Operations | -Buy and selling of government securities by the Fed |
| Discount Rate | -The interest rate the Fed charges a member bank for a loan |
| Federal Funds Rate | -The interest rate one bank charges another bank for a loan |
| Demand-Side Inflation | -An increase in the price level that originates on the demand side of the economy |
| Supply-Side Inflation | -An increase in the price level that originates on the supply side of the economy |
| Deflation | -A decrease in the price level |
| Full Employment | -The situation that exists when the official unemployment rate equals the natural unemployment rate |
| Frictional Unemployment | -Refers to workers who have lost their jobs because of changing market (demand) conditions and who have transferable skills |
| Structural Unemployment | -Refers to workers who have lost their jobs because of changing market (demand) conditions and whose skills do not match the requirements of available jobs |
| Specialize | -To do only one thing. For example, when a country specializes in the production of a good, it produces only that good. |
| Comparative Advantage | -The situation in which a country can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another country |
| Economic Integration | -When nations combine to form either a common market or a free-trade area |
| NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) | -Created a free trade area for Canada, the United States, and Mexico |
| management | -the process of working with people and resources to accomplish organizational goals |
| planning | -the management function of systematically making decisions about the goals and activities that an individual, a group, a work unit, or the overall organization will pursue. |
| organization | -the management function of assembling and coordinating human, financial, physical, informational, and other resources needed to achieve goals |
| leading | -the management function that involves the managers efforts to stimulate high performance by employees |
| controlling | -the management function of monitoring performance and making needed changes |
| Managers | -attain goals in an efficient and effective manner through planning, organizing, leading and controlling |
| organizing activities | -attracting people to the organization, specifying job responsibilities, grouping jobs into work units, marshaling and allocating resources, and creating conditions so that people and things work together to achieve maximum success. |
| accountability | -being responsible for your own actions |
| Sole Proprietorship | -One person running the business, full personal liability |
| Partnership | -Two or more people running the business, liability split between the owners |
| C-Corporations (Conventional) | -Legal entity that acts and has liability, seperate from its owners |
| <p>S-Corporations </p> | -"<p>Looks like a ""C-corporation"" taxed like a Partnership (personal income of owners) </p>" |
| Limited Liability Corporation (LLC) | -Looks like a C-corporation and taxed as a personal income (Personal asset cannot be taken if bankrupt) |
| product | -anything offered to the target market to satisfy their needs. |
| place | -the locations where products are sold and the way they are made available to consumers. also is where conssumers can obtain the product or service |
| price | -what customers pay and the method of payment. also can support an image of quality, service, or value in addition to spelling out cost. |
| promotion | -the methods used to communicate information to consumers. also helps to attract new consumers by informing and persuading them. |
| target market | -a clearly identified group of consumers with very similar needs to whom a company can sell its products. |
| marketing mix | -a combination of marketing elements designed to meet the needs of the target market. |
| marketing | -increased our standards of living by understanding our needs and wants and providing us with more choices and better products. |
| <p>distribution channel </p> | -<p>the path a product travels from product to consumer. </p> |
| Basic Accounting Equation | -Assets equals Liabilities plus Owner’s Equity (A=L+OE) |
| Assets | -Resources owned by the company and used for some business purpose |
| Current Assets | -Those assets that typically will be consumed within a year |
| Long term assets | -Those assets that will not be consumed within a year |
| Liabilities | -The claims that creditors have against the company |
| Current Liabilities | -Those liabilities which will be paid within a year |
| Long term liabilities | -Those liabilities that will not be paid off within a year |
| Owner's Equity | -The claim that owners (common stockholders, general partners or sole proprietors) have against the company |
| Income Statement | -Identifies revenues and expenses relating to a company's business activity over a period of time, e.g., January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2008. |
| Nepotism | -favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them jobs) |
| middle management | -This level of management includes department heads and district sales managers. |
| decision-making role | -By making changes in policies or resolving conflicts in the workplace, a manager is working within his or her ____. |
| A Theory Y manager is most likely to ____. | -assume that all workers are content with their work |
| Theory Z | -Management theory incorporating Japanese emphasis on collective decision making and concern for employees with American emphasis on individual responsibility is ____. |
| Wheeler-Lea Act of 1938 | -This law guards against false advertising. |
| contract | -A ____ is an agreement between two parties to carry out a transaction, such as the sale of goods from a seller to buyer. |
| Under the Americans with Disabilities Act, companies ____. | -cannot fire or refuse to hire people because of certain disabilities and illnesses |
| Profit | -The difference between what a business earns (revenue) and what it spends (costs) is known as ____. |
| China | -The largest exporter in the world is ____. |
| Retrenchment | -____ strategy is a plan to reverse negative trends in a company, such as the losses in sales. |
| Procedure | -A detailed series of related steps or tasks written to implement a policy is called a ____. |
| corporate strategies | -Strategies that deal with the most important aspects of the company's operations and provide overall direction for the company are known as ____. |
| a continuous-flow operating system | -Because production occurs continuously throughout the year, the 3-M company can best be described as using ____. |
| unity of command | -Confusion results if a person reports to two people at once, according to ____. |
| delegate the task | -When a task is too time consuming for a manager to handle alone, he or she may ____. |
| inside board members | -Senior company managers who serve on the company's board of directors are known as ____. |
| line organization | -In a ____ authority originates at the top and moves downward in a line. |
| growth through direction state | -The company founder is no longer solely responsible for all decision making during the ____. |
| chief executive officer | -The person who sets the company's objectives is the ____. |
| Informal work groups can affect ____. | -productivity, the success of the managers, and the morale of the other employees |
| Ethics | -Principles of right conduct and moral values |
| Integrity | -Moral or ethical strength; the quality of being honest |
| Respect | -The instant willingness to show consideration or appreciation |
| Self-Esteem | -A sense of one's own dignity or worth |
| Teamwork | -Cooperative effort by the members of a group or team to achieve a common goal |
| acquisition | -occurs when one business buys all or part of another business |
| benchmarking | -the process of comparing an organization's products or services and processes with those of another companies |
| contingency plans | -alternative plans to be implemented if uncontrollable event occur |
| functional strategies | -strategies developed and implemented by managers in marketing, operations, human resources, finance, and other departments |
| grand strategies | -an overall corporate strategy for growth, stability, or turnaround and retrenchment, or for some combination of these |
| growth strategies | -strategies a company can adopt in order to grow: concentration, backward and forward integration, and related and unrelated diversification |
| management by objectives (MBO) | -the process in which managers and their employees jointly set objectives for the employees, periodically evaluate performance, and reward according to the results |
| merger | -occurs when two companies form one corporation |
| objectives | -a statement of what is to be accomplished that is expressed in singular, specific, and measurable terms with a target date |
| THE IMPORTANCE OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIP | -Management's behavior sets the ethical tone of the firm; attitude of mgmt affects attitude of employees. |
| The Principle of Rights | -Duty-based ethical standards imply that human beings have basic rights. |
| OUTCOME-BASED ETHICS | -Utilitarianism: outcome oriented, focuses on the consequences of an action, not on the nature of the action itself or on any set of preestablished moral values or religious beliefs. |
| CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY | -the idea that those who run corporations can and should act ethically and be accountable to society for their actions. |
| CREATING ETHICAL CODES OF CONDUCT | -- Providing ethics training to employees, policies and importance of ethical conduct must be clearly communicated to the employees at the hire stage; some companies hold periodic ethics seminars during which employees can openly discuss any ethical probl |
| Making Ethical Business Decisions: 6 factors: | -The law = is the action legal? If dont know find out the legality. Rules and procedures. = Do only what is consistent with your company's procedures and policies. 3. Values. = laws and internal company policies reinforce society's values. 4. Conscience. |
| Prime Rate | -Non-fluctuating rate that banks use to offer short-term loans of high dollar amounts made up of several interest rates |
| Extension | -An extra amount of time granted to a party to make a payment |
| Business Budget | -A tool designed to help managers and owners monitor the profitability of their actions |
| Loan | -A purchase made with the use of borrowed money requiring a promise to pay it back on an agreed upon schedule. |
| Maturity | -The length of a loan or the date on which a financial obligation must be repaid |
| Interest | -This is the charge made by a lending institution which it uses to cover the administrative and operating costs and profit for the institution |
| Collateral | -Any asset pledged towards the loan balance in case payment cannot be made |
| Banking | -Any process of transacting business with a financial institution; depositing or withdrawing funds or requesting a loan, etc. |
| Line of credit | -A limited amount of credit they have authorized you to borrow against with your promise to pay back in the future |
| Budgeting | -A plan to control income and the advance any type of expenditures |
| Investing | -commit (money or capital) in order to gain a financial return |
| Risk | -The variability of returns from an investment |
| Net Income | -The excess of revenues minus all liabilities in a given time period. |
| Balance Sheet | -A document which shows the company assets, liabilities and owners' investment as of a specified date |
| Depreciation | -An allowance made for a loss in value of property over a period of time. |
| Philosophy | -Statement of beliefs and values that direct behavior, clear concise manner and included in staff handbooks and annual reports. |
| Policy | -A governing plan for accomplishing goals and objectives. Explain how goals will be achieved. Define the general course and scope of activities. Serve as basis for future decisions, actions and help coordinate plans. Control performance, increase consiste |
| Goals | -____ help focus attention on what is important and are broader statements than objectives. More quantitative the ____, the more likely its achievement is to receive attention and less likely it is to be distorted. The end or outcome to be accomplished. S |
| Long-range or strategic planning | -Extends 3 to 5 years into the future. Begins with in-depth analysis of internal environment's strengths and weaknesses. Reviews external opportunities and threats so realistic goals can be set |
| Short-range or operational planning | -Done in conjunction with budgeting. Develops departmental maintenance and improvement goals for the coming year. |
| Purpose of Strategic Planning | -Leaders need vision that is realistic and feasible. The strategic vision should be clear, cohesive, consistent and flexible. Includes analysis of the agency's internal and external environments (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, or SWOT) |
| Organizational Structure | -Formally dictates how jobs and tasks are divided and coordinated between individuals and groups within the company. |
| Organizational Chart | -Is a drawing that represents every job in the organization and the formal reporting relationships between those jobs. |
| Work Specialization | -Is the way in which tasks in an organization are divided into separate jobs. |
| Chain of Command | -"within an organization essentially answers the question ""Who reports to whom?""" |
| Span of Control | -Represents how many employees the manager is responsible for in the organization. |
| Matrix Structures | -Are a more complex form of organizational design that tries to take advantage of two types of structures at the same time. |
| Restructuring | -The process of changing an organization's structure. - Has a small negative effect on task performance. - Has a more significant negative effect on organizational commitment. |
| Three reasons nations trade | -obtain goods they cannot produce, reflect comparative advantage, and create jobs |
| Exchange Rate | -The price of your nation's currency is in terms of another nation's currency |
| Out-sourcing | -transferring work to another country |
| World Health Organization (WHO) | -Purpose is to direct and coordinate international health work and their goal is to bring the highest level of health to people across the globe |
| Supply | -How much of the product there is |
| Demand | -how much the costumers want the product |
| Producer | -Maker of the item/supply |
| Market | -The Combination of suppliers and Demande for a product |
| Competition | -Two companies that are selling similar products |
| franchise | -a written contract granting permission to operate a business to sell products and services in a set way |
| mission statement | -a short, specific written statement of the reason a business exists and what it wants to achieve. |
| goal | -a precise statement of results the business expects to achieve. |
| Pure Competition | -independent and well informed buyers and sellers of the exact same product (farmers markets) |
| Imperfect Competition | -market structure that does not meet all conditions of perfect competition, three catagories: monopolistic, oligopoly & monopoly |
| Monopolistic Competition | -a type of imperfect competition such that competing producers sell products that are differentiated from one another as good but not perfect substitutes (such as from branding, quality, or location). In monopolistic competition, a firm takes the prices c |
| Oligopoly | -very few large firms dominate the market such as coke, pepsi, GM, McDonalds |
| Collusion | -formal agreement to set prices. Sometimes illegal, but is typically secretive |
| Price Fixing | -a form of collusion, agree to charge the same prices, usually higher than the price set by competition |
| Monopoly | -one seller of a product - denies people competition and is against the law (They can typically raise prices) |
| Patent | -exclusive right to manufacture, sell or use a new invention, prevents someone from stealing and profiting from your invention |
| Copyright | -protects art and literary work, give authors exclusive right to publish, sell and reproduce their work |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | -protected trade and commerce against unlawful restraint or monopolies (1890) |
| Clayton Antitrust Act | -more specific than the Sherman Antitrust Act, gave the government more power against monopolies |
| Federal Trade Commission | -helped enforce the Clayton Act, gave the government the power to issue cease and desist orders to stop unfair business practices (1914) |
| Robinson-Patman Act | -strengthened the Clayton Act and dealt with price discrimination |
| labor | -the workforce of a business |
| capital | -artificial resource made by labor |
| opportunity cost | -the benefit lost from the next best alternative; what you have to give up, to get what you want or need the most |
| methods of finance for an expanding business | -private funds, partners/shareholders, bank loans, asset leasing and hire purchase, venture capital/business angels, merger capital, retained profits |
| SWOT analysis | -``` S- strengths W- weaknesses O- opportunities T- threats strengths and weaknesses are internal factors of the company; opportunities and threats are external factors towards the company ``` |
| downsizing | -creating a flatter organization structure normally cutting out middle management |
| responsibility | -being accountable or being able to justify an action |
| authority | -the ability to carry out a task |
| job rotation | -changing jobs or tasks from time to time |
| quality control circles | -small groups in the same work area that have scheduled meetings about problems and how to fix them |
| empowerment | -delegating more power to employees |
| forecasting | -using relative information to predict how many jobs will be needed |
| Maslow's hierarchy of needs | -can't have higher level, or class without the lower level; physiological needs, safety needs, feeling of love and belonging, esteem needs, self-actualization |
| theory x | -people are lazy |
| theory y | -people are internally motivated |
| Herzberg's two-factor theory | -motivator and hygiene factors need to be met to prevent dissatisfaction |
| organization behavior modification | -positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment |
| positive reinforcement | -rewarded for good performance; something the employee likes is praised |
| negative reinforcement | -something that the employee dislikes is taken away |
| fringe benefit | -payments other than wages or salaries, other benefits |
| Autocratic Leadership style | -Making decisions without consulting anyone |
| Democratic Leadership Style | -Managers and workers cooperating as a team |
| laissez-faire Leadership style | -Lots of leeway to workers to meet goals |
| OSHA | -a government agency in the Department of Labor to maintain a safe and healthy work environment |
| Affirmative Action | -"refers to policies that take factors including ""race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation or national origin"" into consideration in order to benefit an underrepresented group, usually as a means to counter the effects of a history of discrimin |
| Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) | -The most sweeping federal law that restricts the employment and abuse of child workers. Child labor provisions are designed to protect the educational opportunities of youth and prohibit their employment in jobs that are detrimental to their health and s |
| Variance | -2 definitions: 1. Permission granted by a zoning authority to a property owner to allow for a specified violation of the zoning requirements. Variances are generally granted when compliance is impossible without rendering the property virtually unusable. |
| What is the 2nd Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -Right to keep and bear arms. |
| What is the 3rd Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -Protection from quartering of troops. |
| What is the 4th Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -Protection from unreasonable search and seizure. |
| What is the 5th Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -Due process, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, private property. |
| What is the 6th Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -Trial by jury, speedy trial, and other rights of the accused. |
| <p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>What is the 7th Ammendment of the US Constitution? </p> | -<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Civil trial by jury. </p> |
| What is the 8th Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -Prohibition of excessive bail, as well as cruel or unusual punishment. |
| What is the 9th Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -Protection of rights not specifically enumerated in the Bill of Rights. |
| What is the 10th Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -Powers of states and people. Anything not in the constitution is left to the states. |
| What is the 11th Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -(1795): Clarifies judicial power over foreign nationals, and limits ability of citizens to sue states in federal courts and under federal law. |
| What is the 12th Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -(1804): Changes the method of presidential elections so that members of the electoral college cast separate ballots for president and vice president. |
| <p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>What is the 13th Ammendment of the US Constitution? </p> | -<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>(1865): Abolishes slavery and grants Congress power to enforce abolition. </p> |
| What is the 14th Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -(1868): Defines United States citizenship; prohibits states from abridging citizens’ privileges or immunities and right to due process and the equal protection of the law; repeals the three-fifths compromise. |
| What is the 15th Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -(1870): Prohibits the federal government and the states from using a citizen’s race, color, or previous status as a slave as a qualification for voting. |
| What is the 16th Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -(1913): Authorizes unapportioned federal taxes on income. |
| What is the 17th Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -(1913): Establishes direct election of senators. |
| <p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>What is the 18th Ammendment of the US Constitution? </p> | -<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>(1919): Prohibited the manufacturing, importing, and exporting of beverage alcohol. Repealed by the Twenty-First Amendment. </p> |
| What is the 19th Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -(1920): Prohibits the federal government and the states from using a citizen’s sex as a qualification for voting. |
| What is the 20th Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -(1933): Changes details of Congressional and presidential terms and of presidential succession. (lame duck ammendment) |
| What is the 21st Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -(1933): Repeals Eighteenth Amendment but permits states to retain prohibition and ban the importation of alcohol. |
| What is the 22nd Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -(1951): Limits president to two terms. |
| What is the 23rd Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -(1961): Grants presidential electors to the District of Columbia. |
| What is the 24th Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -(1964): Prohibits the federal government and the states from requiring the payment of a tax as a qualification for voting for federal officials. (poll taxes) |
| <p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>What is the 25th Ammendment of the US Constitution? </p> | -<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>(1967): Changes details of presidential succession, provides for temporary removal of president, and provides for replacement of the vice president. </p> |
| What is the 26th Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -(1971): Prohibits the federal government and the states from using an age greater than 18 as a qualification to vote. |
| What is the 27th Ammendment of the US Constitution? | -(1992): Limits congressional pay raises. Was one of original 12 bill of rights. |
| What does Article 1 of the US Constitution Cover? | -Legislative Power |
| What does Article 2 of the US Constitution Cover? | -Executive Power |
| What does Article 3 of the US Constitution Cover? | -Judicial Power |
| What does Article 4 of the US Constitution Cover? | -States Powers & Limits |
| What does Article 5 of the US Constitution Cover? | -Process of Ammendment |
| What does Article 6 of the US Constitution Cover? | -Federal Power | |
| What does Article 7 of the US Constitution Cover? | -Process of Ratification |
| What was the Mayflower Compact? | -(1620): First governing document of Plymoth Colony. |
| What was the Massachussets Body of Liberties? | -(1641): First established legal code in New England. Compiled by the Puritan minister Nathaniel Ward. |
| What was the English Bill of Rights? | -(1689): It is one of the basic documents of English constitutional law, alongside Magna Carta, the Act of Settlement and the Parliament Acts. |
| "Who Wrote ""Common Sense"" ?" | -Thomas Paine. In 1776, it advocated reasons for splitting from Britain. |
| "What was ""The Rights of Man""?" | -Thomas Paine wrote the Rights of Man in 1791, it is a work glorifying the French Revolution. |
| "What are ""The Federalist Papers""?" | -A series of 85 articles arguing for the ratification of the United States Constitution. They were first published serially in New York City newspapers. A compilation, called The Federalist, was published in 1788. The Federalist Papers serve as a primary |
| What political party did Alexander Hamilton start? | -The Federalist party in 1792, which advocated strong national government. It was opposed by Thomas Jefferson & James Madison's Republican party. |
| What were the Alien and Sedition Acts? | -With war looming against a major power, France, Federalists in Congress in 1798 passed the laws to protect national security. These 4 laws limited freedom of speech, made it possible to kick out foreign nationals, and changed citizenship to be gained aft |
| What was the Alien Registration Act? | -AKA - Smith Act of 1940 made it a criminal offense for anyone to conspire to overthrow the government. It also required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government. The Act is best known for its use against political organizations and |
| Where is the Yellow River | -In Northeast China, the mouth is a bit south of Beijing. It is the 7th largest river in the world, running west to east, and draining into the Bohai Sea. |
| Name the countries that feed into the Nile River. | -Sudan, Ethiopia, Egypt, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Eritrea, Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| Name the countries that feed into the Amazon River. | -Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela |
| What countries feed into the Congo River? | -Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Cameroon, Zambia, Burundi, Rwanda |
| <p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>What countries feed into the Niger River? </p> | -<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Nigeria, Mali, Niger, Algeria, Guinea, Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Benin, Chad </p> |
| What body of water does the Danube drain into? | -The Black Sea. |
| What countries feed into the Danube River? | -Romania (28.9%), Hungary (11.7%), Austria (10.3%), Serbia and Montenegro (10.3%), Germany (7.5%), Slovakia (5.8%), Bulgaria (5.2%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (4.8%), Croatia (4.5%), Ukraine (3.8%), Czech Republic (2.6%), Slovenia (2.2%), Moldova (1.7%), Swi |
| What countries feed into the Brahmaputra River? | -India (58.0%), P.R. China (19.7%), Nepal (9.0%), Bangladesh (6.6%), Disputed India/P.R. China (4.2%), Bhutan (2.4%) |
| What river expels the most water / second? | -The Amazon |
| What countries feed into the Mekong River? | -Laos, Thailand, P.R. China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar |
| What was The Berlin Conference? | -1884–85 regulated European colonisation and trade in Africa. Its outcome, the General Act of the Berlin Conference, is often seen as the formalisation of the Scramble for Africa. |
| What African countries were never colonized? | -Ethiopia and Liberia. |
| What is the world’s largest desert? | -Antartica. The largest hot desert is the Sahara in North Africa, which is the size of the U.S. |
| <p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Name the 3 deserts of Africa from north to south. </p> | -<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sahara, Namib, Kalahari </p> |
| What natural features border the Gobi Desert? | -The desert basins of the Gobi are bounded by the Altay Mountains and the grasslands and steppes of Mongolia on the north, by the Tibetan Plateau to the southwest, and by the North China Plain to the southeast. |
| What countries have access to the Dead Sea? | -It is on the border between the West Bank, Israel, and Jordan. |
| What countries have access to the Black Sea? | -Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia, Russia, Ukraine |
| What countries have access to the Caspian Sea? | -Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Azerbaijan. Russia’s Volga river and a canal system links it to the Black Sea. |
| Where are the Ural Mountains? | -Western Russia. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Djibouti. | -Djibouti. Eritrea, Somolia, Ethiopia, Red Sea. |
| <p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Name the capital and neighboring countries of the Dominican Republic. </p> | -<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Santo Domingo. Haiti, North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea. </p> |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of East Timor. | -Dili. Indonesia, Timor Sea, Banda Sea (south Pacific Ocean). |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Ecuador. | -Quito. Columbia, Peru, Pacific Ocean. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Egypt. | -Cairo. Israel, Gaza Strip, Saudi Arabia (across red sea), Jordan, Sudan, Libya, Mediterranean sea. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of El Salvador. | -San Salvador. Honduras, Guatemala, Pacific Ocean. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Equatorial Guinea. | -Malabo. Cameroon, Gabon, Gulf of Guinea. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Eritrea. | -Asmara. Red Sea, Sudan, Djibouti, Ethiopia. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Estonia. | -Tallinn. Baltic Sea, Latvia, Russia, Finland (across gulf of Finland). |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Ethiopia. | -Addis Ababa. Sudan, Djibouti, Eritrea, Somolia, Kenya. Contains source of the Blue Nile & the great rift valley. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Fiji. | -Suva. South Pacific Ocean. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Finland. | -Helinski. Russia, North Sea, Sweden, Norway, Estonia (across gulf of Finland), Baltic Sea. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of France. | -Paris (on the Seine river). Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany (Rhine river forms part of the border), Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Andorra, English Channel (North Atlantic), Mediterranean Sea. Also contains the Rhone river. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of French Guiana. | -Cayenne. North Atlantic Ocean, Suriname, Brazil. The only non-independant state in South America. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of French Polynesia. | -Papeete. South Pacific ocean. France conducted nuclear tests here as recently as 1996. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Gabon. | -Libreville. Atlantic Ocean, Equitorial Guiana, Cameroon, Republic of the congo. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of The Gambia. | -Banjul. Senegal, Atlantic Ocean. Contains the Gambia river delta. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Georgia. | -Tblisi (on the Mlkvari River). Russia (across the caucas mountains), Black Sea, Armenia, Turkey, Azerbaijan. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Germany. | -Berlin (on the Elbe river). Poland, France, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Austria, Denmark, Neatherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, North Sea, Baltic Sea. Also contains the Danube and Rhine rivers. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Ghana. | -Accra. Togo, Cote d'Ivorie, Burkina Faso, Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic). Contains Lake Volta. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Greece. | -Athens. Macedonia, Albania, Turkey, Bulgaria, Ionian Sea, Aegean Sea, Sea of Crete, Mediterranean Sea. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Guatemala. | -Guatemala City. Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador, Belize, Pacific Ocean, Mediterranean Sea. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Guinea. | -Conakry. Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cote d'Ivorie, Atlantic Ocean. Contains the Niger River. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Guinea-Bissau. | -Bissau. Senegal, Guinea, Atlantic Ocean. |
| Name the capital and neighboring countries of Guyana. | -Georgetown. Venezuela, Suriname, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean. |
| What is the capital of Afghanistan? | -Kabul |
| Name the capital and countries that border Albania. | -Tirana. Adriatic Sea, Serbia & Montenegro, Macedonia, Greece. |
| Name the capital and countries that border Algeria. | -Algiers. Mediterranean Sea, Tunesia, Libya, Niger,Mali, Mauritania, Western Sahara, Morocco. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of American Samoa. | -Pago Pago. South Pacific Ocean. Near Samoa. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Andorra. | -Andorra La Vella. Spain, France. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Angola. | -Luanda. South Atlantic Ocean. Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Namibia. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Argentina. | -Buenos Aires. Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay, South Atlantic Ocean. Contains the Rio Parana. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Armenia. | -Yerevan. Georgia, AZERBAIJAN, Iran, Turkey. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Australia. | -Canberra. Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, Near East Timor, Papa New Guinea, Indonesia. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Austria. | -Vienna (on the Danube river). Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy, Switzedrland, Liechtenstein. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Azerbaijan. | -Baku (on the Caspian Sea). Iran, Armenia, Georgia, Russia. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of The Bahamas. | -Nassau. In North Atlantic ocean near US (florida) and Cuba. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Bahrain. | -Manama. In the Gulf of Bahrain (Persian Gulf) near Saudi Aurabia, Qatar. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Bangladesh. | -Dhaka. India, Burma, and Bay of bengal (Indian Ocean). Contains Ganges , Meghna, and Jamuna Rivers. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Belarus. | -Minsk. Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Belgium. | -Brussels. North Sea, Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, France. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Belize. | -Belmopan. Mexico, Guatemala, Caribbean sea. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Benin. | -Porto Novo. Togo, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Atlantic Ocean. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Bhutan. | -Thimphu. China, India. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Bolivia. | -La Paz. Chile, Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Bosnia and Herzegovina. | -Sarajevo. Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro, Adriatic Sea. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Botswana. | -Gaborone. Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Namibia. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Brazil. | -Brazilia. Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, North Atlantic Ocean. Contains Amazon and Parana rivers. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Burkina Faso. | -Ouagadougou. Niger, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Cote d'Ivorie, Mali. Contains the Black Volta River. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Bulgaria. | -Sofia. Romania (seperated by the Danube river), The Black Sea, Greece, Turkey, Serbia and Montenegro, Macedonia. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Burma. | -Rangoon. India, China, Laos, Thailand, Bay of Bengal (Indian Ocean) |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Burundi. | -Bujumbura. Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lake Tanganyika, Tanzania. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Cambodia. | -Phnom Penh. Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Gulf of Thailand (Indian Ocean). Contains the Mekong river. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Cameroon. | -Yaounde. Nigeria, Chad, Central African Republic, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Equitorial Guinea, Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean). |
| What rivers drain into the gulf of Guinea? | -Volta, Congo, and Niger. |
| What rivers drain into the gulf of Guinea? | -Volta, Congo, and Niger. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries / oceans of Canada. | -Ottowa. North Pacific Ocean, Artic Ocean, Greenland (Denmark), Baffin Bay, Hudson Bay, Atlantic, U.S. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Central African Republic. | -Bangui. Chad, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Cameroon, Republic of Congo. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Chad. | -N'Djamena. Libya, C.A.R, Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan. Contains Lake Chad. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of Chile. | -Santiago. South Pacific Ocean, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, South Atlantic Ocean via Straight of Magellan. |
| Name the capital and bordering countries of China. | -Beijing. Mongolia, Russsia, Vietnam, Burma, Laos, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgystan, Kazakhstan, North Korea, South China Sea, East China Sea, Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan. Contains, Yellow, Mekong, Pearl, and Yangtze rivers. |
| Name the Capital and neighboring countries of Colombia. | -Bogota. Caribbean Sea, Venezuela, Brazil, Panama, Ecuador, Peru, Pacific Ocean. Amazon River forms part of the border with Peru. |
| Name the Capital and neighboring countries of Democratic Republic of the Congo. | -Kinshasa. Republic of the Congo (Congo River makes a large part of the border), Angola, Tanzania (across lake Tanganyika), Rwanda, Brundi, C.A.R., Uganda, Sudan, Zambia. Contains Lualaba river. |
| Name the Capital and neighboring countries of Republic of the Congo. | -Brazzaville. South Atlantic Ocean, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (most of border is Congo River), Cameroon, Equitorial Guinea, C.A.R. |
| Name the Capital and neighboring countries of Costa Rica. | -San Jose. Nicaragua, Panama, Caribbean Sea, Pacific Ocean. |
| Name the Capital and neighboring countries of Cote d'Ivorie. | -Yamoussoukro. Ghana, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Atlantic Ocean, Guinea, Mali. |
| Name the Capital and neighboring countries of Croatia. | -Zagreb. Slovenia, Adriatic Sea, Sebia and Montenegro (Danube river forms the border), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary. |
| Name the Capital and neighboring countries of Czech Republic. | -Prague. Germany, Slovakia, Poland, Austria. Contains the Elbe river. |
| Name the Capital and neighboring countries of Denmark. | -Copenhagen. North Sea, Baltic Sea, Germany, close to Sweden. |
| Describe the Federal Reserve System. | -The central bank of the United States; incorporates 12 Federal Reserve branch banks and all national banks and state-charted commercial banks and some trust companies. It was was created in 1913 by the Federal Reserve Act. |
| Describe the Federal Reserve System. | -Supervise and regulate banks, Implement monetary policy by open market operations, setting the discount rate, and setting the reserve ratio, Maintain a strong payments system, Control the amount of currency that is made and destroyed on a day to day basi |
| <p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>What are Implied powers, in relation to the U.S. Constitution? </p> | -<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Powers not specifically given to the Federal Government of the United States. Implied powers are derived from an enumerated power and the Necessary-and-proper clause, which can also be recognized as the elastic |
| What group controlled Mexico when Spanish settlers arrived in the 16th century? | -The Aztecs. |
| What happened at Fort Sumter? | -In 1861 Confederates attacked the fort, which led to its surrender and was the opening engagement of the Civil War. It is located in Charleston, South Carolina. |
| What is a graduated income tax? | -An income tax that takes proportionately more from higher wage earners. |
| What is a holding company? | -Business owning a majority of stock in member companies and therefore able to dictate common policy. Warren Buffett’s Berkshire Hathaway is one of the largest publicly traded holding companies; it owns numerous insurance companies, manufacturing business |
| What is the definition of Fascism? | -Form of government characterized by militarism, extreme nationalism, and a oneparty dictatorship. |
| What is the elastic clause? | -Part of Article I of the Constitution that gives Congress authority to pass laws in addition to those specified. |
| What is the difference between de facto segregation and de jure segregation? | -De facto segregation is segregation of races that actually exists, though not by law. De jure segregation is segregation of races by law. |
| <p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>What is the importance of Marbury v. Madison? </p> | -<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>(1803) landmark case in United States law wherein the U.S. Supreme Court established judicial review as a legitimate power of the Court on constitutional grounds. </p> |
| What is the importance of Marbury v. Madison? | -(1803) landmark case in United States law wherein the U.S. Supreme Court established judicial review as a legitimate power of the Court on constitutional grounds. |
| What is the signifigance of the Kansas-Nebraska Act? | -In 1854, it established that the people of a territory should decide whether slavery would be allowed there. Opponents saw it as the triumph of the Slave Power and formed the Republican Party to defeat it. The Act was a key step on the way to the America |
| What killed more people: the black plague or colonization of america? | -Colonization of America. |
| What political party did Alexander Hamilton start? | -The Federalist party in 1792, which advocated strong national government. It was opposed by Thomas Jefferson & James Madison’s Republican party. |
| What was Bleeding Kansas? | -Sometimes referred to as Bloody Kansas or the Border War, was a sequence of violent events involving abolitionists (anti-slavery) and pro-slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Mi |
| What was Jamestown? | -The first successful English colony, established in 1607 on a small river near Chesapeake Bay. It was headed by John Smith, who befriended Pocahontas. It was all male. |
| What was the Age of Enlightenment? | -It was 18th century european philosophical movement (part of Age of Reason). Leading thinkers believed that the future could be shaped and directed by reason. They believed that society was based on natural laws. Thus, these thinkers challenged the power |
| What was the Agricultural Revolution? | -Period from the early 1700s until the mid-1800s during which machines and improved technology replaced manual labor and traditional methods in farming. |
| What was the Alien Registration Act? | -AKA - Smith Act of 1940 made it a criminal offense for anyone to conspire to overthrow the government. It also required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government. The Act is best known for its use against political organizations and |
| What was the Battle of the Little Bighorn? | -(1876): Also called Custer’s Last Stand, it was the most famous incident of the Indian Wars. Cheyenne and Sioux indians killed Custer and all of his men. |
| What was the Berlin Airlift? | -Airlift by U.S. in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of West Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin. |
| What was the Boston Massacre? | -March 5, 1770, a brawl between American colonists and British soldiers where the colonists hit the British soldiers with snowballs and the British soldiers shot into the crowd killing 5 of the colonists. |
| What was the Declaration of Independance? | -The document recording the announcement of the second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain. |
| What was the Emancipation Proclimation? | -Declaration issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freeing the slaves in those territories still rebelling against the Union. |
| What was the Embargo Act of 1807? | -It prohibited all international exports from American ports. It represented President Thomas Jefferson's response to the United Kingdom's Orders in Council (1807) and France's Continental System, which were severely hurting America's merchant marines. Al |
| What was the Era of Good Feelings? | -Period from 1815–1821 that followed the War of 1812 where the last Federalist candidate was defeated and the issues of slavery were emerging as a result of the Missouri Compromise. James Monroe defeated the last Federalist candidate in 1816, and won unop |
| What was the espionage act of 1917? | -Passed by Congress in 1917 after the United States entered World War I; set a $10,000 fine and 20 years’ imprisonment for interfering with the recruiting of troops or the disclosure of information dealing with national defense. |
| What was the French and Indian War? | -The war that raged in North America through the late 1750's and early 1760's was but one part of the larger struggle between England and France for dominance in world trade and naval power. The British victory in that struggle, known in Europe as the Sev |
| What was the Fugitive Slave Law? | -In 1850, the law stated that in the future any federal marshal who did not arrest an alleged runaway slave could be fined $1000, people suspected of being a runaway slave could be arrested without warrant and turned over to a claimant on nothing more tha |
| What was the Gilded Age? | -"The Gilded Age (c.1876–1914) was a period of intense economic development and wealth transfer in the United States. Following the generation of the American Civil War and Reconstruction of the South, this period corresponded with the Second Industrial R |
| What was the Good Neighbor Policy? | -"The ""Good Neighbor"" policy was the policy of the United States Administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in relation to Latin America during 1933-45, when the active U.S. intervention of previous decades was moderated in pursuit of hemispheric |
| What was the Great Compromise of 1787? | -Created a bicameral legislature in the Constitution; it established that representation in one house was to be proportional to population in one house and equal among states in the other. |
| What was the Haymarket Riot? | -Began in 1886 with a riot at the McCormick Harvester plant in Chicago where unionized workers were striking for shorter work days and then a few days later moved to Haymarket Square where a protest meeting was called to denounce the events of the previou |
| What was the importance of Dred Scott v. Sanford? | -In 1857, the Supreme Court ruled that even free Africans could not sue in a federal court, since they were not citizens of the United States and that slaves brought into free territory remained slaves because they were a form of property. |
| What was the Indian Removal Act? | -(1830): A law passed by Congress in order to facilitate the relocation of American Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands further west. It authorized President Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living wit |
| What was the Magna Carta? | -Great Charter forced upon King John of England by his barons in 1215; established that the power of the monarchy was not absolute and guaranteed trial by jury and due process of law to the nobility. It was the first step in a long historical process lead |
| What was The Roosevelt Corollary? | -"The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (from 1901 to 1909) was a substantial alteration (called an ""amendment"") of the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. The U.S. would now consider Latin America as an agency for expanding U |
| What was the U.S. Homestead Act? | -Law passed in 1862 that offered certain settlers 160 acres of land if they built a house and farmed for five years. |
| "What were the ""Five Civilized Tribes""" | -The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes, all located in the southeast. They were considered civilized by whites because they followed many of their practices, such as slavery. |
| What were the Alien and Sedition Acts? | -With war looming against a major power, France, Federalists in Congress in 1798 passed the laws to protect national security. These 4 laws limited freedom of speech, made it possible to kick out foreign nationals, and changed citizenship to be gained aft |
| What were the Allied Powers? | -The countries of Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France that formed an alliance during World War II. |
| What were the Articles of Confederation? | -The compact that was first made by the original thirteen states of the United States and was adopted March 1, 1781, and remained the supreme law until March 1789. |
| What were the Axis Powers? | -A group of countries that opposed the Allied Powers in World War II, including Germany, Italy, and Japan as well as Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia. |
| What were the Camp David Accords? | -Started by President Carter in 1978, a framework for peace negotiations concerning Israeli-occupied Arab territories—Jordan’s West Bank, and Egypt’s Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula. |
| What were the intolerable acts? | -A series of laws passed by the British in 1774 in an attempt to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party; also called Coercive Acts or Punitive Acts. |
| What year did the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty take effect? What countries had nucs then and now? | -1970. U.S., U.K., China, Russia, France had them then. Today Israel, Pakistan, and India do also. |
| When did the Berlin Wall exist? | -1961 to 1989. |
| When did the industrial revolution begin? | -In Britain in the mid 1700s. It used steam from coal to power machines. |
| When did the KKK form? | -1866 in Tennessee. |
| When was the Louisiana Purchase? | -Purchased under Jefferson from France in 1803 for $15 million; extends from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada. If adjusted for the relative share of GDP, this amount would equal approximately $390 billion |
| When was work on the Manhattan Project finished? | -1945 the bomb was tested in New Mexico. |
| When were the Lincoln - Douglas Debates? | -These debates were held between Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln held during the 1858 campaign for a U.S. Senate seat from Illinois. Lincoln opposed extending slavery to new western states. |
| Where did the pilgrims settle? | -In Massachussetts, established Plymouth in 1620. |
| Which side did native americans fight on in the American Revolution? | -Both, but mainly supported the British. |
| Who established the Massachusetts Bay Colony? | -The puritans in 1629. |
| Who is Alan Greenspan? | -Was chairman of the Fed from 1987-2006. His replacement is Ben Bernanke. |
| Who was Charles Evans Hughes? | -Chief justice of U.S. nominated in 1930 by Herbert Hoover. Under him the Supreme Court continued to enforce a Federal laissez-faire approach, overturning many of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs, which were designed to combat the Great |
| Who was Earl Warren ? | -US supreme court chief justice nominated in 1953 by Dwight D. Eisenhower. The first important case of Warren's tenure was Brown v. Board of Education (1954), in which the Court unanimously declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional, effectiv |
| Who was Edward Douglass White? | -"US supreme court justice nominated in 1910 by William Howard Taft. In the early twentieth century, the Supreme Court established that the Fourteenth Amendment protected the ""liberty of contract."" On the grounds of the Fourteenth Amendment and other pr |
| Who was Frederick Douglass? | -1818-1895 an American abolitionist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer. Among the most prominent African Americans of his time, and one of the most influential lecturers and authors in American history. Most well-known work is his autobiograp |
| Who was Frederick Moore Vinson? | -Supreme court chief justice nominated in 1946 by Harry S. Truman. On racial segration, he wrote that states practicing the separate but equal doctrine must provide facilities that were truly equal, in Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Rege |
| Who was Harlan Stone? | -Supreme court chief justice nominated in 1941 by Franklin D. Roosevelt. Liberal justice who supported new deal programs. |
| Who was Harriet Beecher Stowe? | -1811-1896 an abolitionist, and writer of more than 10 books, the most famous being Uncle Tom's Cabin which describes life in slavery. |
| Who was Henry David Thoreau? | -1817-1862 an American author, naturalist, transcendentalist, pacifist, tax resister and philosopher who is famous for Walden, on simple living amongst nature, and Civil Disobedience, on resistance to civil government and among 22 other books that Thoreau |
| Who was Henry Wadsworth Longfellow? | -1807-1882 an American poet who wrote many works that are still famous today, including The Song of Hiawatha, Paul Revere's Ride and Evangeline. He also wrote the first American translation of Dante Alighieri's Inferno. His poetry is based on familiar and |
| Who was Henry Ward Beecher? | -1813-1887 Theologically liberal American Congregationalist clergyman and reformer, and author. One of his elder sisters was Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin. An advocate of women's suffrage and for temperance, and a foe of slavery, he b |
| Who was Herman Melville? | -"1819-1891 an American novelist, essayist, and poet. During his lifetime his early novels were popular, but his popularity declined later in his life. By the time of his death he had nearly been forgotten, but his masterpiece, Moby-Dick, was ""rediscover |
| Who was Horace Greeley? | -1811-1872 an American newspaper editor, reformer and politician. His New York Tribune was the most influential newspaper of the period 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties. “Go West, Young Man!” he advised ambitious youth |
| Who was Jackson Pollack? | -"1912-1956 An influential American artist and a major force in the abstract expressionism movement. Pollock's style changed dramatically beginning in 1947. He began painting with his (usually large) canvases placed on the floor, and developed what was ca |
| Who was James Whistler? | -1834-1903 American-born, British based painter and etcher. Most famous work is Whistler's Mother. Whistler's belief that art should concentrate on the arrangement of colors led many critics to see his work as a precursor of abstract art. |
| Who was John Brown? | -1800-1859 One of the first white abolitionists to advocate, and to practice, guerrilla warfare as a means to the abolition of slavery. He first gained national notoriety when he led a company of volunteers during the Bleeding Kansas crisis, in which he f |
| Who was John Jay? | -"1745 – 1829 was an American politician, statesman, revolutionary, diplomat and jurist. Considered one of the ""founding fathers"" of the United States, Jay served in the Continental Congress, and was elected President of that body in 1778. During and af |
| Who was John Marshall? | -1755-1835 Supreme court chief justice nominated by John Adams in 1801. In the landmark case Marbury v. Madison (1803), Marshall held that the Supreme Court could overturn a law passed by Congress if it violated the Constitution, legally cementing the pow |
| Who was John Singer Sargent? | -1856-1925 A painter known for his portraits. He is usually thought of as an American artist, although he lived most of his life in Europe. Sargent's portraits subtly capture the individuality and personality of the sitters. In a time when the art world w |
| Who was Mark Rothko? | -1903-1970 Russian-born American Jewish painter who is often classified as an abstract expressionist. Among the founders of the New York School, his work concentrated on basic emotions, often filling the canvas with very few, but intense colours, using li |
| Who was Mary Cassat? | -Lived 1844-1926. American impressionist artist who worked in Paris. After experimenting with different printmaking techniques like etching and aquatint she finally discovered drypoint combined with aquatint as her favorite intaglio process. Between 1889 |
| Who was Melville Fuller? | -"Chief justice of supreme court nominated by Grover Cleveland in 1888. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Court determined that the equal protection clause did not prohibit racial segregation in public facilities, as long as the facilities were equal (giv |
| Who was Morrison Waite? | -1816-1888 Supreme court chief justice nominated by Ulysses S. Grant in 1874. In the Civil Rights Cases (1883), the Court under Chief Justice Morrison Waite held that Congress could not prohibit racial discrimination by private individuals (as opposed to |
| Who was Nathaniel Hawthorne? | -1804-1864 a 19th century American novelist and short story writer. He is seen as a key figure in the development of American literature. Hawthorne is best-known today for his many short stories and The Scarlet Letter. Much of Hawthorne's work is set in c |
| Who was Oliver Ellsworth? | -1745–1807 an American lawyer and politician, was a revolutionary against British rule, a drafter of the United States Constitution, and third Chief Justice of the United States. |
| Who was Ralph Waldo Emerson? | -1803-1882 a famous American essayist and one of America's most influential thinkers and writers. First expressed the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his essay Nature. Emerson made a living as a popular lecturer in New England and the rest of the count |
| Who was Robert Maplethorpe? | -1946-1989 an American photographer, famous for his large-scale, highly-stylized black & white portraits, photos of flowers and male nudes. The frank, erotic nature of some of the work of his middle period triggered a more general controversy about the pu |
| Who was Roger B. Taney? | -"1777 - 1864 Supreme court chief justice nominated in 1836 by Andrew Jackson. At a time when sectional tensions between the North and South were high, many of the Supreme Court's decisions—particularly those relating to slavery—met with controversy and c |
| Who was Salmon P. Chase? | -1808-1873 Lincoln appointed him to be Chief Justice in 1864. Chase had strong anti-slavery credentials and had previously served Lincoln as Secretary of the Treasury. His post-Civil War tenure featured several key decisions affirming the indestructibilit |
| Who was Stephen A. Douglas? | -American politician from Illinois, was one of the Democratic Party nominees for President in 1860. Lost to Lincoln. Was an expansonist. As senator, supported the Missouri Compromise. |
| Who was Warren Burger? | -"US supreme court justice nominated in 1969 by Richard Nixon. The Burger Court is best remembered for its ruling in Roe v. Wade (1973), which held that there is a constitutionally protected right to have an abortion in some circumstances. The Court also |
| Who was William Howard Taft? | -US president 1909-1913 and supreme court justice nominated by Warren G. Harding in 1921. He remains the only person in the history of the United States to have led both the Executive and Judicial branches of the United States government, and is also the |
| Who was William Lloyd Garrison? | -1805-1879 A prominent white abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. After the abolition of slavery |
| Who was William Rehnquist? | -"US supreme court justice nominated in 1972 by Richard Nixon and elevated in 1986 by Ronald Regan to chief justice. The Rehnquist Court generally took a limited view of Congress's powers under the commerce clause, as exemplified by United States v. Lopez |
| Who was Winslow Homer? | -1836-1910 an American landscape painter. By 1857 his freelance illustration career was underway and he contributed to magazines such as Ballou's Pictorial and Harper's Weekly. His works, mostly engravings, are characterized by clean outlines, simplified |
| "Who were the ""Buffalo Soldiers""?" | -Members of one of the African American regiments within the U.S. Army after the Civil War, serving primarily in the Indian wars of the late 1860s. |
| Who were the Democratic-Republicans? | -Early political party that was unopposed in national politics through the Era of Good Feeling; split in 1828. They advocated states powers and strict constructionism of the constitution. Opposed Alexander Hamilton's Federalist party. |
| Who were the Incas? | -An empire centered in what is now Peru from AD 1438 to AD 1533. Over that period, the Inca used conquest and peaceful assimilation to incorporate in their empire a large portion of western South America, centred on the Andean mountain ranges, and includi |
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