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HGAP Module 1 & 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Map | two-dimensional (flat) representation of a geographical area |
| Cartographer | A person who makes maps |
| Data aggregation | The process of collecting and organizing large amounts of information |
| Spatial perspective | A geographic perspective that seeks to identify and explain the uses of space |
| Spatial pattern | The placement or arrangement of objects on Earth’s surface; also includes the space between those objects |
| Clustered | clumped together |
| Dispersed | spread out in some organized fashion |
| Random | the objects are either clustered or dispersed |
| Time-distance decay | Also known as the “first law of geography”; the idea that near things are more related than distant things, and interaction between two places decreases the farther apart they are |
| Map symbols | Graphic elements that help organize the information in a map, such as (but not limited to) dots, stars, arrows, squares, and dotted lines |
| Legend | A key to the meaning of the symbols and colors on a map |
| Absolute direction | Corresponds to the direction on a compass: north, south, east, west, and combinations such as northeast and southwest |
| Map scale | The distance on a map in relation to distance in actual space; for example, 1 inch on a map might indicate a distance of 100 miles |
| Absolute distance | The distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length, such as a foot, yard, mile, or kilometer |
| Relative distance | A measurement of the level of social, cultural, or economic similarity between places despite their absolute distance from each other |
| Elevation | Distance above sea level |
| Isoline | On a map, a line that connects or links different places that share a common or equal value, such as elevation |
| Topographic map | A graphic representation of the three-dimensional configuration of Earth’s surface |
| Reference map | A map that shows geographic locations on Earth’s surface, such as the locations of cities or oceans |
| Thematic map | A map that emphasizes the spatial patterns of geographic statistics or attributes, and sometimes the relationships between them |
| Choropleth map | A thematic map that shows data aggregated for a specific geographic area, often using different colors to represent different values |
| Cartogram | A map that distorts the geographic shape of an area in order to show the size of a specific variable; the larger the area on a cartogram, the larger the value of the underlying variable |
| Graduated symbol map | A map that uses symbols (such as circles or dots) of different sizes to represent numerical values |
| Dot distribution map | A map that uses dots to represent objects or counts; the dot can represent one object (a one-to-one dot density map), or it can represent a number of objects (a one-to-many dot density map) |
| Map projection | A method for representing the surface of Earth or a celestial sphere on a plane (two-dimensional) surface; all map projections distort some aspect of Earth’s surface |
| Mercator projection | A map projection that is useful for navigation because the lines connecting points on the map represent the true compass direction; however, landmasses become increasingly distorted the farther away they are from the equator |
| Gall-Peters projection | A map projection that shows all landmasses with their true areas but distorts their shapes |
| Polar projection | A map projection that looks down at Earth from the perspective of one of the poles (North Pole or South Pole) |
| Goode homolosine projection | A map projection that avoids shape distortion and the restrictions of a rectangular map by creating “interruptions” in the map’s continuity; in each section, map projection regions are shown “equally,” like an orange peel being laid out in a flat surface |
| Robinson projection | A map projection that attempts to create the most visually appealing representation of Earth by keeping all types of distortion relatively low over most of the map |
| Distortion (SADD) | The distortion in shape, area, distance, and direction. At least one of those is preserved in every map projection while distorting the others. |
| Census | An official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details about individuals, such as age, sex, and race |
| Fieldwork | Learning and doing research involving firsthand experience, which takes place outside the classroom setting |
| Absolute location | A precise position on Earth’s surface |
| Latitude | The (invisible) horizontal lines circling Earth parallel to the equator; latitude is the degree of distance north or south from the equator, which is at 0 degrees, as far as the poles, which are at 90 degrees |
| Equator | The latitude line in the center at 0 degrees. |
| Longitude | The (invisible) vertical lines on Earth’s surface that mark imaginary circles connecting the North Pole with the South Pole |
| Prime meridian | The (invisible) vertical lines on Earth’s surface that mark imaginary circles connecting the North Pole with the South Pole |
| Global Positioning System (GPS) | A system of 24 satellites that orbit Earth twice daily and transmit radio signals Earthward; the basis for many map-based apps that provide directions on how to get from one place to another |
| Geographic Information System (GIS) | A software application for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface; allows the rapid manipulation of geospatial data for problem-solving and |
| Remote sensing | The scanning of Earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it |
| Aerial photography | Remote-sensing photography that produces fine-grained, high-resolution, highly detailed images |
| Satellite imagery | Images of Earth’s surface gathered from sensors mounted on orbiting satellites |
Created by:
justinbirb
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