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Histoty Final
flash cards for history exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Louisiana Purchase | 800,000 sq. mile territory purchased from Napoleon under the Jefferson presidency |
| Lewis & Clark | explored the above territory; water route to the Pacific Ocean? |
| Sacajewa (sp?) | served as an interpreter to the Indians in the above expedition |
| Battle of New Orleans | 1815 |
| secede | term used to refer to the decision of a state or states to leave the Union |
| Seminole | Florida Indian tribe, only tribe never to surrender to the US |
| Industrial Revolution | term used to refer to a peaceful revolution involving significant advances in technology that probably hasn’t ceased since it began in 18th century England |
| John Carroll | The first Catholic Bishop in the US |
| Charles Carroll | Catholic signatory of the Declaration of Independence |
| Elizabeth Anne Seton | convert, saint, foundress of the first American religious order |
| Missouri Compromise | Imaginary line established across the continent, roughly equal with the southern border of Missouri. Regarding the addition of future states, slavery could exist below the line, but not above. |
| War of 1812, Three Causes: | Impressment Britain inciting Indian attacks Britain still occupying forts on US soil |
| Terms of the Treaty of Ghent: | British abandon forts US recognizes Canada as British territory End Atlantic slave trade (both sides) |
| Electoral Process | see review sheet: Electors are chosen in each state, pledged to a candidate in each of the parties, whose numbers are based on the population of the state. Once the people in a state have cast their votes (popular vote), the name of the victor in that ... |
| Junipero Serra | What Catholic Saint worked tirelessly to establish missions in Spanish territories in America? |
| Antonio López de Santa Anna | competent president of Mexico would prove a formidable adversary to the US in the early-mid nineteenth century |
| Slavery in Mexico | Mexico was completely free of slavery |
| Republic of Texas | Americans settled in Mexican territory, Texas, in great numbers and called themselves “Texians.” Threats from Mexico emboldened them and they declared themselves a Republic. |
| The Alamo | A Mission in San Antonio, Texas that became the site of a bloody confrontation between Santa Anna’s Mexican forces and a few hundred Texians and volunteers including Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett in 1836. The Mexicans won in a crushing defeat |
| Sam Houston | Acknowledged the Republic of Texas’ inability to fend off another attack by Mexico and invited the US to declare Texas a state, thereby drawing the US army into the conflict and securing the defense of Texas |
| San Patricios | Irish immigrants to America that were poorly treated. Many were former US soldiers who were also poorly treated in their military units. They felt a kinship with Catholic Mexico and went over to that side when war broke out between the US and Mexico. |
| Rio Grande River | Where was the disputed southern border of Texas set? |
| Manifest Destiny | 19th-century American ideology that held that the United States was divinely ordained to expand its democratic institutions and territory across the North American continent |
| Sutter’s Mill | California location of Jim Marshall’s discovery of gold that led to the gold rush. In 1849, huge numbers of prospectors flooded in called “49’ers.” |
| ⅗ Clause | ⅗ of the total number of slaves in a given state would be added to the total population in determining the number of representatives that state would have in the House of Representatives. The number of representatives is based on |
| Southern economy | Difficult to let go of slavery as their economy was heavily reliant upon it. Financial ruin would likely result if slavery were to be eradicated |
| Underground Railroad | A network of abolitionists stretching from the southern states all the way into Canada that assisted escaped slaves to find safe refuge and freedom. |
| Tocqueville, Northern Issues | Terrible abuses of workers: five-year-olds working machines in 14-hour days, safety not a concern, low wages, whole families working for meagre pay; racism is worse in the North |
| Northern Slave States | Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, Kentucky and West Virginia |
| Dred Scott Case | Supreme Court decision, stated that slaves were not U.S. citizens and that Congress couldn't ban slavery in federal territories. A slave being taken by its owner to a free state or territory was still a slave. |
| abolitionists | anti-slavery activists |
| Lincoln’s 1860 Presidential campaign | Favored the containment of slavery in states where it already existed |
| Washington & Jefferson on Slavery | Washington and Jefferson were opposed to slavery, although they owned slaves themselves. They were known to have treated their slaves well. They hoped that slavery would come to an end in our nation. Jefferson said it was like a snake coiled up in the |
| Dangers that facing settlers traveling west | Extreme weather conditions Indians Difficult terrain Dangerous animals |
| April 12, 1861 | date, generally understood to be the beginning of the Civil War |
| Stonewall Jackson | Confederate General received his nickname from his firm stance at the Battle of Manassas at the start of the Civil War |
| 650,000 | approximate death toll on both the Confederate and Union sides at war’s end |
| April 9, 1865 | date of the Confederate surrender at Appomattox Courthouse |
| Carpetbaggers | term used to refer to opportunists seeking to take advantage of Southern degradation to make a profit |
| Black codes | nickname for laws advanced in the South aimed at circumventing the above amendments |
| Transcontinental RR | term used to describe the transportation route completed in 1869 at Promontory Point, Utah, joining the coasts of the United States. |
| Andrew Carnegie | entrepreneur with humble Scottish background, founded a steel producing company that made him one of the wealthiest men in the world |
| John D. Rockefeller | entrepreneur, entered the oil business, brought Standard Oil into drilling, refining and delivering their product |
| Monopoly | term used to describe the circumstance in which a single company holds the sole production and sale of a product. |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Freed slaves in states not occupied by Union forces |
| Sherman’s March to the Sea | March led by Union General Tecumseh Sherman from Atlanta to Savannah in which her pursued a scorched earth policy that destroyed miles of railway, burned factories and cotton gins, and |
| John Wilkes Booth | Snuck into the Presidential box at a performance of “Our American Cousin,” firing a pistol at point blank range and inflicting a wound that killed president Lincoln. Booth was on the run for 12 days before federal troops caught up with him. Booth w |
| Ku Klux Klan | Fiercely racist organization led by ex-confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest aimed at striking out against free blacks. Members wore hoods and gowns, burned crosses and committed acts of terror against blacks and their families |
| Robert E Lee | Most qualified of all US generals, declined Lincoln’s offer to lead Union troops against the Confederate States because he knew the appointment would entail firing against his fellow Virginians at a time in US history in which many considered “state |
| Confederate weaknesses | 1) They couldn’t replenish their fallen troops 2) They lacked the industrialization necessary to supply their troops 3) Loss of strong military leadership, like Stonewall Jackson |
| Gettysburg | Confederate attempt to draw Union forces out of the south and into a defensive posture with an open threat imposed on northern territory in Pennsylvania |
| Pickett’s Charge | On the final day of the Battle of Gettysburg, Lee plans to gain victory through a bold infantry charge prefaced by a massive, sustained artillery barrage against a heavily fortified Union line. The confederate artillery did very little damage, as it |
| Reconstruction | Lincoln favored a gentle means of bringing the south back into the good graces of the Union. The Radical Republicans favored more harsh methods, ultimately holding them accountable for the destruction that resulted from the war. |
| Imperialism | extending a nation's power and influence over foreign territories or countries |
| Annexation | when a more powerful country simply declares a less powerful one their own, without the actual use of force |
| USS Maine | Sent to the harbor at Havanna, Cuba, to help protect US sugar planters in the region. It was “mysteriously” blown up, killing 268 sailors. The US took it as an act of Spanish aggression toward the United States and declared war against Spain. While free |
| Progressive Movement | Several causes championed by the Progressive Movement were women’s suffrage, fair wages, improved working conditions, sanitary food production |
| Disruptive Technology | Technological advancements that dramatically change civilization as we know it: the printing press, electricity, automobiles, tele-communication, the internet |
| Union | Organization of workers aimed at improving working conditions for fellow employees using strikes and protests to gain the attention and sympathy of managers and owners |
| Panama Canal | Roosevelt backed the Panamanians in a conflict that arose with Columbia, opening the door to gaining control of the narrow on the Isthmus of Panama for the construction of the Panama Canal, providing an opening for ships headed |
| World War I Cause | Archduke Franz Ferdinand visits Serbia on a national holiday, against the warnings of his adjutants. He and his wife are assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Yugoslav nationalist. The Austria-Hungarian response was intense. When Serbia agreed to all but |
| WWI Technology | No side was really prepared for the shift in tactics that were posed by emerging new technologies. Horses, cavalry charges, infantry assaults were either modified or abandoned entirely as machine guns, gas, tanks, hand-held explosives, airplanes, |
| US Involvement | Zimmerman Telegram (German invitation for Mexico to attack the US); sinking of the passenger ships Lusitania, and Sussex, both had US civilians on board |
| April 6, 1917 | US declaration of war on Germany |
| Versailles Treaty | Fatal decision to punish Germany leads to economic ruin and increasing bitterness among the German people, eventually, even those that had nothing to do with the war at all, setting the stage for the rise of dictator, Adolf Hitler |
| Normandy Invasion | (D-Day) The largest amphibious assault in world history; turned the tide against Germany, bringing about the eventual end of WWII |
| Charles Lindbergh | In his “Spirit of Saint Louis,” this famous flyer “propelled” aviation forward by becoming the first pilot to cross the Atlantic. |
| 1929 | Year in which the Depression began |
| Manhattan Project | Name given the top secret operation in the desert of New Mexico to develop an atomic weapon (“the gadget”) capable of mass destruction. |
| Prohibition | The passage of the 18th Amendment, making the sale and manufacture of alcohol illegal, ushered in a new era known as ___. |
| Dec. 7, 1941 | date the Japanese launched their surprise attack on the US Naval Base at Pearl Harbor. |
| Amelia Earhart | First woman to fly across the Atlantic; mysteriously disappeared during an attempt to circle the globe. |
| Dust Bowl | name given the devastating droughts that crippled the plains states, contributing to the outbreak of the Great Depression |
| Mein Kamp | After a failed coup, Hitler was imprisoned and began writing this infamous hate book in which he outlined his plan for the final solution. |
| New Deal | name given Roosevelt’s failed attempt to end the Great Depression |
| Robert Oppenheimer | Nuclear physicist in charge of the Manhattan Project |
| Automobile Innovations | Interchangeable parts and assembly lines |
| Great Depression | Feeling of optimism in post-WWI America was very high, people took out large loans to buy homes and businesses, many speculated beyond their means in the stock market. The dust bowl destroyed the livelihood of farmers. They couldn’t pay back loans |
| Hitler’s rise to power | A greatly demoralized and economically distressed Germany finds relief in the words of WWI veteran, Adolf Hitler. He organized a political coup that failed. While in prison, he wrote Mein Kampf in which he laid out his plans for a greatly revitalized |
| Japanese Soldiers | Did not adhere to any established conventions of warfare. They were merciless, vicious combatants who believed their emperor was a god. Any lack of mercy was seen as a betrayal. Religious fervor translated into brutality. Surrender |
| Atomic Bomb | Decision made to drop atomic bomb on major Japanese city. The cost of the war in American lives was already formidable. The Japanese were not inclined to surrender, in spite of devastating fire bombing of Tokyo (Over 300,000 dead). Every Japanese |
| Baby Boomers | nickname given to the seventy-six million children born after WWII between the years 1946-1964. |
| Cold War | term given the “war” that existed between the US and the Soviet Union as each side escalated arms with the realization that actual violence between the countries could lead to devastating nuclear war. |
| NATO | Union of democratic countries opposed to Communist Russia. |
| 1950-1953 | Years of the Korean War |
| Joe McCarthy | Wisconsin Senator that spearheaded the investigation of high-profile Americans under suspicion of being sympathetic to the communist ideology |
| Archbishop Fulton Sheen | Hosted one of the top television programs nationwide in the 1950s: Life is Worth Living |
| 1961-1963 | Year John F. Kennedy was elected president |
| Sputnik | 1st satellite into space, launched by the Soviet Union |
| Nov. 22, 1963 | Kennedy assassination in Dallas, Texas |
| Lee Harvey Oswald | Kennedy’s assassin |
| Martin Luther King | Baptist minister, leading civil rights activist |
| Civil Rights Act | that outlawed all forms of discrimination based on race, gender or nation of origin |
| Roe v. Wade | Supreme Court decision, opens the door to abortion, nation-wide |
| 1965-1973 | years encompassing the Vietnam War |
| Jimmy Carter | peanut farmer, Democrat elected to the presidency in 1976 |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | Successful revolution in Cuba places communist, Fidel Castro in power. In 1962, with support from the Soviet Union, construction of missile silos began on the island, just 90 miles off the coast of Florida. Kennedy orders a naval blockade, prev |
| Watergate Scandal | Republican operatives are caught in Democratic National Headquarters rifling through files. It is discovered that President Nixon was aware of the operation. As articles of impeachment are being assembled and Nixon faces trial, a |
| War in Korea/War in Vietnam | Although separated by a decade, both wars involved the threat of communism spreading from the northern part of the peninsula to the south. In both conflicts, opposition forces were sent to stop the spread of communism. The Korean War technically |
| Ronald Reagan | Actor, Governor, President; gifted speaker |
| Challenger Tragedy | Challenger space shuttle exploded, killing all aboard |
| Reagan/Thatcher/John Paul II | All worked together to bring down communism |
| Fall of Communism | began in East Germany |
| Gorbachev and end to Communism in Soviet Union | |
| Saddam Hussein and Kuwait invasion | 9/11/Saddam Hussein/Osama Bin Laden |
| 9/11/Saddam Hussein/Osama Bin Laden |
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EPearl
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