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US History STAAR Rev
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Reasons for exploration | wealth, religion, expand empires, claim territory, new trade routes to Asia through Northwest Passage |
| Spain | claimed Florida, Texas, California; built missions |
| France | claimed land in New World to profit from fur trading |
| New England colonies | rocky soil, cold climate, harbors, fishing, lumber, and shipbuilding; founded for religious freedom |
| Religious toleration | to escape religious persecution, Roger Williams left Massachusetts and founded Rhode Island |
| Massachusetts | New England colony; Puritans/Pilgrims founded for religious freedom; Boston major port city |
| Middle Colonies | rich farmland, moderate climate, grew oats, wheat, grain, and raised livestock |
| Quakers | 1st anti-slavery group who lived in Pennsylvania |
| Southern Colonies | fertile soil, warm climate, cash crops; Transatlantic Slave Trade provided slave labor for plantations; founded mainly for economic reasons; Jamestown, Virginia |
| Maryland | founded for Catholics seeking religious freedom |
| Mercantilism | British controlled colonial trade; angered colonists |
| Proclamation of 1763 | law prohibited colonists from moving west of Appalachian Mountains; colonists ignored |
| Consent of governed | belief British should have colonists’ permission to pass taxes; main reason for American Revolution |
| Intolerable Acts | British response to Boston Tea Party; colonists formed the 1st Cont. Congress and sent list of complaints to King |
| Declaration of Independence | Thomas Jefferson; list of grievances/complaints against King; right to create new gov’t |
| Unalienable rights | rights all people have from birth: life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness; Declaration of Independence |
| Saratoga | turning point of war; France supported the Americans |
| Yorktown | last major battle; British defeated and signed Treaty of Paris recognizing U.S. independence |
| Articles of Confederation | 1st gov’t; weak because feared abuse of power; NO: executive branch, regulate trade; YES: negotiate treaties, declare war |
| Northwest Ordinance | process for admitting new states to U.S.; population requirement to apply = 60,000 settlers; territories govern themselves |
| Great Compromise | decided how many representatives large and small states would send to the bicameral Congress |
| Three-Fifths Compromise | agreement over how slaves would count for representation and taxation purposes |
| Federalist | supported Constitution, wanted strong central gov’t, believed it created a more stable Union; Alexander Hamilton and James Madison |
| Anti-Federalist | against Constitution, wanted more power given to state gov’ts, wanted a bill of rights; Patrick Henry and George Mason |
| Checks and Balances | each branch of government has some power over the other two branches; helps to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful |
| Citizen responsibilities | serve on juries, vote in elections, stay informed, obey laws |
| 1st Amendment | freedom of religion (church/mosque), freedom of speech (criticize), freedom of press (media), freedom of assembly (peaceful protest), freedom to petition (ask for change) |
| 4th Amendment | no unreasonable search or seizure |
| 6th Amendment | right to trial by jury |
| 8th Amendment | freedom from cruel or unusual punishment |
| 10th Amenent | rights not given to the federal gov’t are given to the states; created federalism which prevents abuse of power by central gov't |
| Hamiton's Financial Plan | to stabilize the new economy: 1) establish National Bank, 2) pay off war debt, 3) pass whiskey tax, 4) protective tariff |
| Farewell Address | Washington warned against having permanent foreign alliances and creating political parties |
| Federalist Party | led by Alexander Hamilton; wanted: 1) a stronger federal gov’t, 2) an industrial economy, 3) a federal bank |
| Democratic-Republican Party | led by Thomas Jefferson; wanted: 1) less federal gov’t power, 2) an agricultural economy, 3) state banks |
| Marbury v. Madison | established judicial review, which gave Supreme Court power to declare laws unconstitutional |
| Gibbons v. Ogden | established federal rule over interstate trade |
| Louisiana Purchase-1803 | doubled size of the U.S.; U.S. gained fertile farmland and access to Mississippi River |
| Cause of War of 1812 | British impressment of U.S. sailors |
| Monroe Doctrine | prevented European colonization of land in the Western Hemisphere |
| Jacksonian Democracy | Democratic Party; voting increased; viewed by opponents as too powerful; spoils system; favored commoners—not the wealthy |
| Nullification Crisis | did South Carolina have the right to nullify (overturn) a federal law; argument over states' rights vs federal rights |
| Worcester v. Georgia | Indian Removal Act forced Natives off lands; Cherokee sued to keep land; Court favored Natives; Jackson ignored the Court and forced Natives to relocate to present-day Oklahoma |
| Hudson River School | artist painted landscapes and nature |
| Effects of the War of 1812 | U.S. manufacturing increased because of boycott on British goods |
| Industrial Revolution | new inventions helped farming and helped factories make goods faster, goods became cheaper; need for workers grew |
| Cotton gin | expanded cotton production and the need for more agricultural labor (slaves) |
| Interchangeable parts | more efficient way to produce goods; led to mass production; price of goods decreased |
| Free enterprise | economy with little gov't regulation; based off supply and demand; developed in response to strong colonial trade laws |
| Women | started working outside the home, mainly in textile mills |
| Canals | man-made rivers; price of goods decreased; Northeast cities grew along canals (New York City); Erie Canal |
| Steamboat and railroads | resulted in faster, more efficient transportation of goods; price of goods decreased |
| Telegraph | invention by Samuel Morse used to communicate rapidly over long distances |
| Urbanization | people moved from rural areas to cities for factory work; cities grew rapidly |
| Immigrants | Irish came to U.S. because of potato famine, worked in factories/Transcontinental Railroad; blamed by nativists for taking jobs away |
| Missouri Compromise | temporarily relieved sectional differences by maintaining the balance between the number of free and slave states in the Union |
| Manifest Destiny | U.S. desire to own land from coast to coast; James K. Polk; causes: 1) land = wealth, 2) population boom |
| Oregon Territory | acquired from Britain in a treaty; U.S. achieved goal of Manifest Destiny |
| U.S.-Mexican War | caused by U.S. annexing Texas; border dispute between Texas and Mexico |
| Mexican Cession | land U.S. acquired after U.S.-Mexican War in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; led to debates over expansion of slavery into new territories |
| California Gold Rush | population increased; Chinese immigrants came to the U.S. and later worked on Transcontinental Railroad and faced discrimination |
| Second Great Awakening | encouraged people to be more religious; caused social reform leading to Reform Era |
| Dorothea Dix | worked to improve prison conditions and create facilities for the mentally ill |
| Temperance movement | led by women; fought to decrease alcohol consumption |
| Abolitionist | worked to end slavery; Harriet Beecher Stowe (Uncle Tom's Cabin), Frederick Douglass (The North Star), Harriet Tubman (Underground Railroad), William Lloyd Garrison (The Liberator) |
| Transcendentalism | founded by Emerson and Thoreau; focused on ideal societies and individualism; used civil disobedience as a form of protest |
| Women's rights movement | Seneca Falls Convention called for women's suffrage (right to vote); Declaration of Sentiments; Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
| Sectionalism | region's geography impacted its economy; North built factories, South farmed, West mined; a cause of the Civil War |
| Northern economy | textile mills, trade, factories, immigrant labor, some trade-related slave labor |
| Southern economy | plantation system, slave labor; cotton produced and sent to Northern factories |
| Western economy | mining (precious metals) and agriculture (farming and livestock) |
| Compromise of 1850 | North and South agreed; California became a free state; strict fugitive slave law was passed |
| Fugitive Slave Law | part of the compromise of 1850; runaway slaves and free Blacks were at risk of being captured by slave hunters |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | allowed Kansas settlers to vote whether or not to permit slavery in the territory; violence erupted; slavery prohibited |
| Slavery | major debate leading up to Civil War; Republican Party (Lincoln) against its spread into new territories |
| Abraham Lincoln | Civil War U.S. president; against secession; wanted to preserve the Union |
| Union advantages | more factories, railroads, and money, and leadership of General Grant |
| Vicksburg | Union captured Mississippi River, dividing the Confederacy in half |
| Appomattox Court House | Confederacy surrendered to Union in Virginia; ended the Civil War |
| Reconstruction | after the Civil War, South in financial ruin and divided into 5 military districts |
| Radical Republicans | took control after Lincoln's death; punished Confederate leaders and Southerners for Civil War |
| Black Codes | laws that limited the new freedom of former slaves |
| Freedmen's Bureau | worked to help newly freed slaves by providing: 1) education, 2) clothing/food, 3) jobs |
| 13th Amendment | abolished slavery; African Americans were free to move wherever they wanted |
| 14th Amendment | granted citizenship to African Americans; all Americans were to be treated equally under the law; reversed the Dred Scott v. Sandford ruling |
| 15th Amendment | gave voting rights to African American males; Southerners resisted by creating poll taxes |
| Hiram Rhodes Rebels | 1st African American U.S. Senator |
| Sharecropping | farming system in which former slaves and poor whites were trapped in a cycle of debt |
| Transcontinental Railroads | encouraged settlement of the West; opened new markets to sell goods; price of goods decreased; built by Irish and Chinese immigrants |
| Reasons for growth of representative/self-government | distance from Britain, Pilgrim's Mayflower Compact (social contract), Virginia House of Burgesses, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, First Great Awakening, John Locke |
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hharmani
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