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The Middle Ages
GRAPES/ 5 themes/vocab. etc.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 476: The Western Roman Empire falls. | Known as the "Dark Ages," marked by the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of Germanic kingdoms. |
| 610: | The prophet Muhammad begins spreading Islam. |
| 732: | The Battle of Tours stops the Muslim advance in France. |
| 800: | : Charlemagne is crowned Emperor of the Romans. |
| 1066: | William the Conqueror wins the Battle of Hastings. |
| 1096–1099: | The First Crusade begins to seize the Holy Land. |
| 1215: | King John signs the Magna Carta in England. |
| 1337: | The Hundred Years' War between England and France begins. |
| 1347–1351: | The Black Death (plague) kills one-third of Europe's population. |
| 1453: | The Hundred Years' War ends, and Constantinople falls. |
| Crusades 3) Root/base - Crusade 4) Synonym - Holy War; mission | A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims who fought for the Holy Land. (Israel) |
| medieval 4) Synonym - Middle Ages | Referring to the Middle Ages |
| chivalry 4) Synonym - honor; knightly | The code of honorable behavior for medieval knights. |
| Parliament 3) Root/base - (same) - to speak 4) Synonym - governing body | The lawmaking body that governs Europe |
| excommunicate 1)Prefix - ex 3) Root/base - communicate (to connect) 4) Synonym - exclude; remove | To cast out from the church |
| Saladin | Muslim general, he led the Muslim forces in the 3rd Crusade |
| pope 4) Synonym - Head of the church | The head of the Catholic Church |
| Charlemagne | King of the Franks. A brilliant warrior and strong leader. |
| Thomas Aquinas | Dominican philosopher. He said that thinking logically could help show that Christian beliefs are true. “It means thinking carefully so your answer makes sense.” |
| Benedict | Italian saint and monk. Created a set of rules for monks to follow. |
| King Richard I | King of England who led Christian soldiers in the 3rd Crusade. Earned respect from enemies for being brave and fair. |
| Magna Carta 3) Root/base - Latin- “Great Charter” 4) Synonym - constitution / rights document | A document signed in 1215 by King John; required the king to honor certain rights. |
| Hundred Years War | A long conflict between England and France. Lasted from 1337 to 1453. |
| Black Death 4) Synonym - plague; deadly disease | A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347-1351. |
| William the Conqueror | Powerful French noble who conquered England and brought feudalism there. |
| When Rome fell… | After Rome collapsed, Western Europe changed socially,economically, and politically - declined. |
| When Rome fell… | Europe is the “peninsula of peninsulas” because it consists of many smaller peninulas |
| When Rome fell… | Topography = physical features of its surface. EX: mountains, rivers, etc. |
| The Middle Ages… | 500-1500 CE / AD = The Middle Ages |
| The Middle Ages… | Medieval is a Latin term for middle ages. |
| New Kingdoms | Huns and Germanic tribes migrate into the Roman Empire around 300 A.D. |
| New Kingdoms | Lombards settled in European river valleys. |
| New Kingdoms | Angles, Saxons, and Jutes moved across the North Sea to the British Isles. |
| Rise of the Franks | In 486, Frankish leader Clovis I |
| Rise of the Franks | 530’s the Franks controlled much of the land in Gaul and Germany. |
| Charles Martel | 717 A.D. united the Frankish lands under his rule. |
| Charles Martel | His most important victory, Battle of Tours in 732. |
| Charles Martel | Defeated a Muslim army from Spain. |
| Charlemagne | In 768, Charles Martel’s grandson, Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great, became king of the Franks. |
| Charlemagne | 800 A.D. built an empire in what is now France, Germany, and Italy. |
| Charlemagne | Reigned for 46 years fighting to increase power and territory. |
| Charlemagne His victories did what? | Reunited much of the original western Roman empire. |
| Charlemagne Compare how he was like other kings? | He appointed and checked on powerful nobles who ruled local regions. |
| Charlemagne What effect did his feelings about education have? | It caused people to better educated. |
| Charlemagne How did Charlemagne use his power? | Charlemagne was a devout Christian. He spread Christianity. Expanded his territory (empire). |
| New Emperor | In 800, Pope Leo III, crowned Charlemagne emperor. |
| New Emperor | Under Constantine, the emperor had authority over the church, but by Leo crowning Charlemagne. It demonstrated that the pope had the power to name the emperor. - Strengthened Church’s power. |
| Charlemagne died | In 814, his son Louis I took the throne. |
| Charlemagne died | Treaty of Verdon - split his empire into three parts. |
| Monasteries and Convents | Christianity spread through much of Europe. |
| Monasteries and Convents | Many chose a life of religious study and prayer. |
| Monasteries and Convents | Men - monks: focus on prayer and scripture. |
| Monasteries and Convents | Women - nuns: devoted life to spiritual goals. |
| Benedictine Rule | First Christian monasteries were in Egypt in 300s A.D. |
| Benedictine Rule | An Italian monk named Benedict established new European way of life - Monastic Life. |
| Benedictine Rule | Under the rule, monastic life was a shared experience of balanced work and prayer. |
| Benedictine Rule | Vows/Promises of worship and to live within the communities for the rest of their lives. |
| Daily Life in Monasteries | Each day divided into periods for worship, work and study. |
| Daily Life in Monasteries | Many monasteries were self-contained communities with gardens, workshops, libraries, health, and educational service. |
| Back then ,Pagan? | The followers of ancient religions that worshiped many gods (polytheistic). |
| Today, Pagan? | Today, pagan is used to describe someone who doesn't go to synagogue, church, or mosque. |
| Conversion of Europe | Patrick a missionary from Ireland. Converted many to Christianity. |
| Conversion of Europe | Pope Gregory sent monks as missionaries to Britain. |
| Christianity Spreads Through Europe | 700s-800s Catholic missionaries worked throughout Europe. |
| Christianity Spreads Through Europe | E. Europe - monks worked to convert Slavic peoples. |
| Christianity Spreads Through Europe | N. Europe- British monk Boniface worked to est. Catholic Church in Germany and Netherlands. |
| Christianity Spreads Through Europe | Catholic faith became everyday life. -Church became center of society. |
| MVPS OF THE MIDDLE AGES | Clovis I 466-511 486 Frankish leader who defeated the last Roman army in Western Europe. |
| MVPS OF THE MIDDLE AGES | Charles Martel 715-741 Charles the Hammer 717 United the Frankish lands 732 Battle of Tours-lead Frankish warriors to defeat a Muslim army from Spain. |
| MVPS OF THE MIDDLE AGES | Charlemagne 742-814 768 became king of the Franks Charles the Great In 800 built an empire that stretched across what is now France, Germany, and Italy. 46 year reign – fighting to increase his power and territory. Reunited much of the original Weste |
| MVPS OF THE MIDDLE AGES | Pope Leo III 795-816 Charlemagne helped protect him from his enemies. In 800, crowned Charlemagne emperor; establishing that the pope had the power. |
| MVPS OF THE MIDDLE AGES | Louis I 778-840 In 814 took over the throne. His sons struggled among themselves for power. In 843 they agreed to the Treaty of Verdun- splitting Charlemagne’s empire into 3 parts. |
| MVPS OF THE MIDDLE AGES | Benedict 480-543 Established a new monastic life. In 529, organized a monastary in central Italy. Benedictine Rule – rules for monastic life adopted by nuns and monks. -balanced prayer and work |
| MVPS OF THE MIDDLE AGES | Otto the Great 936-973 German king Increased his power by making alliances with other German nobles. In 962, persuaded pope to crown him emperor. Created a stable empire. Worked closely with the Church |
| MVPS OF THE MIDDLE AGES | Pope Gregory VII 1054-1105 Became pope in 1073 Believed the emperor should not have power over the Church. – Only the pope should chose the bishops. Issued a list of rules declaring supreme authority over the Church and secular (non-church) leaders. |
| MVPS OF THE MIDDLE AGES | Henry I 1589-1610 Holy Roman Emperor in 1073. Ignored Pope Gregory’s rules and tried to have him removed as pope, resulting in him being excommunicated. Begged for 3 days for the pope to forgive him. The pope did. Later he forced the pope out of Rome. |
| MVPS OF THE MIDDLE AGES | King Henry II 1154-1189 In 1162, appointed Thomas Becket to be archbishop of Canterbury. Henry wanted to expand royal power. Becket grew more loyal to the Church than to the state. Becket excommunicated Henry. Henry was so mad that some knights believe |
| MVPS OF THE MIDDLE AGES | King Phillip II Augustus 1180-1223 Took the throne in 1180. Acquired large land Created new officials to oversee justice. Gained more control over the French Church. |
| MVPS OF THE MIDDLE AGES | William the Conqueror 1066-1087 Christmas Day 1066, crowned king of England. He and his army fought their way across Hastings burning and looting. *Battle of Hastings wiped out many Anglo-Saxon noble families. William gave their land to the Norman baro |
| MVPS OF THE MIDDLE AGES | Thomas Aquinas 1225-1275 Philosopher who emphasized faith as the path to the truth. Argued that both faith and reason come from God. Believed in natural law – does not change over time or from one society to another. Could be discovered through the pow |
| MVPS OF THE MIDDLE AGES | “Lionheart” King Richard 1 1189-1199 King of England, became leader of the 3rd Crusade. Won important victories. Developed a courteous relationship with Saladin. |
| MVPS OF THE MIDDLE AGES | Saladin 1174-1193 Muslim general of the 3rd Crusade fighting for the Holy Land Known for his noble character, he inspired respect, even from his enemies. Saladin and King Richard I signed a truce. Agreed to respect crusader lands, but Jerusalem remaine |
| Kings and Queens | Had complete control of the Feudal System. |
| Kings and Queens | Controlled all the land- decided who he would lease land to- only men he could trust got land. |
| Kings and Queens | Kings required the people they gave the land to, to swear an oath to remain faithful to the King at all time. |
| Lords/Ladies | Leased land from the king- known as a manor |
| Lords/Ladies | In return for the land- they had to serve on the royal council, pay rent, and provide the King with knights. |
| Lords/Ladies | Lords created their own law system, minted their own money, and set own taxes |
| Lords/Ladies | Kept most of land- then divided the rest among their knights/vassals. |
| What is a Vassal? | The relationship between lords and vassals made up a big part of the political and social structure of the feudal system |
| What is a Vassal? | Vassals had certain duties to perform for the lord |
| What is a Vassal? | All nobles were ultimately vassals of the king. |
| What is a Knight? | Almost all nobles were knights |
| What is a Knight? | Training began at age 7, as a page. |
| What is a Knight? | Became squires at age 15 and were trained by other knights |
| What is a Knight? | Those deemed worthy were “dubbed” knights |
| What is a Knight? | Once “dubbed” they were given land by the Lords- in return for military service |
| What is a Knight? | Had to protect the Lord and his family, as well as the Manor |
| Workers on the Manor | There were two groups of peasant workers on the manor |
| Workers on the Manor | Freemen- skilled workers who paid rent and could leave the manor whenever they wished. (They usually had a skill needed by others on the manor.) |
| Workers on the Manor | Serfs – workers bound to the land by contract with the nobles. (They had no freedom - they were the noble’s property.) They could not leave the manor. |
| Geography | Peninsula: Surrounded by water on three sides, bordered by the Red Sea to the west, the Gulf of Aden to the south, and the Persian Gulf to the east. |
| geography | Climate: Characterized by extreme heat, with daily temperatures often exceeding 100˚ F. |
| geography | Vegetation and Water: Vegetation is scarce, and water resources are limited, shaping the way of life in the region. |
| geography | Deserts: The peninsula contains several deserts, including the Syrian Desert to the north and the Nafud Desert in central Saudi Arabia. |
| religion | Muhammad, the founder of Islam, was born in Mecca. Witnessed inequality between the poor and wealthy merchant class, which troubled him. |
| religion | At the age of forty, while meditating in a cave, he received a revelation from the angel Gabriel, making him a prophet and messenger of God. |
| religion | He believed in the worship of one god, Allah, to unite his people. |
| religion | Established a new religion called Islam, meaning "submission." The Qur'an and Hadith: |
| religion | The word of God, as interpreted by Muhammad, was written in Arabic and recorded in the Qur'an, the holy book of Islam. |
| religion | The hadith, a collection of records of Muhammad's words and daily actions (Sunnah), provides guidance on how to live according to his example. |
| achievements | The Islamic world made cultural contributions that spread across northern Africa and southern Europe. |
| achievements | Muslims traveled to distant lands, traded goods, and conquered regions such as the Byzantine Empire, Syria, Palestine, the Persian Empire, Egypt, North Africa, Spain, and France. |
| achievements | Effective warriors used efficient fighting methods, camels, and horses in their cavalry. Their common Islamic faith fostered unity on the battlefield. |
| achievements | Once a country was conquered, learning and culture spread to the conquered land. |
| achievements | Cordoba, Spain (west), and Baghdad, Iraq (east), became major centers of Islamic learning where scholars gathered to share ideas and discoveries. |
| economy | Trade Routes: Both land and sea routes crisscrossed the peninsula, allowing the exchange of goods and ideas. |
| economy | Merchants: Arabian merchants traded a variety of goods, including spices and silk from Asia, gold from |
| economy | Camel Caravans: Traders traveled in large camel caravans, traversing the desert trade routes. |
| economy | Cultural Exchange: Merchants traded goods and shared Arabian ideas and innovations across all three intersecting continents. |
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