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Soc Of Deviance (2)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Alex Pretti Shooting | occurred during protests against Operation Metro Surge // Pretti was filming law enforcement attempting to assist civilians // Pretti was restrained by multiple agents and shot multiple times // video shows he wasn't holding a weapon // ruled homicide |
| Social Control Definition | social control is defined as the way norms, rules, laws, and structures of society regulate human behavior |
| Since All Societies Have Norms And Rules Governing Conduct, All Have Mechanisms That Ensure... | conformity to those norms and deal with deviance |
| Two Basic Processes Of Social Control | internalization of norms & external pressure |
| North Koreans Don't Celebrate There Own Birthdays, But Rather... | the birthdays of Kim Il-sung on 4/15, Kim Jong-il on 2/16, and Kim Jong-un on 1/8 |
| Juche 100 | known as 2012 in North Korea |
| The North Korean Calendar Begins In 1912, With The Birth Of... | Kim Il-sung |
| First Amendment Summary | prohibits the U.S. government from restricting core freedoms: religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition |
| Tinker VS Des Moines Independent School District (2/24/1969) | Supreme Court held that students do not lose their First Amendment rights to freedom of speech when they step onto school property |
| Texas VS Johnson (6/21/1989) | Supreme Court held that flag burning constitutes a form of "symbolic speech" that is protected by the First Amendment |
| Prosecuting Burning Of The American Flag, Executive Order (8/25/2025) | order saying the government should crack down on flag burning, but only when it breaks other laws // it does NOT outright ban all flag burning (because of free speech protections), but it tries to find ways to prosecute it anyway |
| Synder VS Phelps (3/2/2011) | Supreme Court ruled that speech on public issues is still protected by the First Amendment, even if it causes emotional harm |
| Schenck VS United States (3/3/1919) | Supreme Court held that the First Amendment does not protect speech that approaches creating a "clear and present danger" |
| Brandenburg VS Ohio (6/9/1969) | The Supreme Court ruled that the government cannot punish speech unless it is likely to cause immediate illegal action |
| Rutgers Guidelines For Free Expression On Campus: Guiding Statement | “All members of the Rutgers University community – including students, faculty, staff, alumni, visitors, and external groups – are free to express their viewpoints in public forums as private citizens" (1st Amendment) |
| Rutgers Guidelines For Free Expression On Campus: Time, Place, And Manner | "The University maintains the right,.. to determine the appropriate time, place, and manner to ensure that expressive activities do not interfere with...of the University, as well as to provide protections for public health, safety, and welfare.” |
| Rutgers Guidelines For Free Expression On Campus: Designated Public Forum Areas | Records Field (CA), lawn adjacent to Paul Robeson C Center (B), open area behind the Enviro & Occupational Health Sciences Institute (B), Student Center Patio (C), grass area by livi student center (L), patio/grass on side of doug student center (D) |
| Rutgers Guidelines For Free Expression On Campus: Procedures For Scheduled Demonstrations | advance notice required: anyone who wants to hold a demonstration must submit a form at least 3 business days ahead of time and get a permit // larger events need coordination: If more than 10 people are expected, the event may require additional planning |
| Rumeysa Ozturl | 30-year-old Turkish doctoral student at Tufts Univerity // wrote essay for student newspaper calling for university support of Palestinian right and divestment from Israeli // arrested in March and taken to ICE detention facility // not criminally charged |
| Marco Rubio And Mahmoud Khalil | Sec of State Rubio revoked permanent residency status of Khalil who had recently earned a grad degree from Columbia and was born in Syria // not criminally charged |
| Statement From Marco Rubio Summary | the government decided that certain individuals’ presence or actions in U.S. could harm foreign policy // so their presence is seen as threat to important U.S. interests // this reasoning is often used to restrict entry, revoke visas, remove individuals |
| Mohsen Mahdawi | Palestinian student at Columbia // addressing pro-Palestinian demonstrations in 2013 // despite being a permanent US resident, Mahdawi was arrested on April 14th of 2025 during his naturalization interview and detained in Vermont // not criminally charged |
| Insurrection Act (1807) | allows the President to deploy the military and federalize National Guard units to address civil disorder, insurrection, or armed rebellion against the federal government |
| Posse Comitatus Act (1878) | federal law that prevents the federal military (like the Army or Air Force) from acting as regular police inside the United States // designed to prevent military involvement in domestic affairs without authorization from Congress or the Constitution |
| Title 10 Of The U.S. Code (1956) | allows President to put National Guard troops under federal commands under 3 conditions: the U.S. is invaded or faces threat of invasion, there's a rebellion against federal authority, or President is unable to enforce federal laws using regular forces |
| Trump Cited Title 10 To Bypass... | Gavin Newsom's handling of ICE protests in Los Angeles (later found out Trump administration had not met its burden under Title 10) |
| Measures To Combat Anti-Semitism (1/20/2025) | EO 14188: it shall be the policy of the United States to combat anti-Semitism vigorously, using all available and appropriate legal tools, to prosecute, remove, or otherwise hold to account the perpetrators of unlawful anti-Semitic harassment and violence |
| Trump Administration Orders A Crackdown On College Campuses (1/29/2025) | directed colleges to report if students or staff members without citizenship engaged in activity that could be considered antisemitic so that they could be investigated or deported |
| President Threatens To Cut Funding From Schools That Allow "Illegal Protests" (3/3/2025) | added that students who engaged in protests would be arrested, imprisoned, deported, or permanently expelled |
| Rutgers Faculty Union Files A Federal Lawsuit Against The Trump Administration To Block It Efforts To (3/25/2025)... | abduct, detain, and deport international students for expressing support for Palestinian rights, criticism of Israel's U.S.-backed assault on Gaza and the West Bank, and taking part in pro-Palestinian campus protests over the past year |
| The Rutgers Senate Passed The Big Ten "Mutual Defense Compact" To Block Trump's (3/28/2025)... | campus attacks |
| 514 Campus Leaders Have Signed A Statement By The American Association Of Colleges And Universities Opposing What They Saw As... | the administration's assault on academia |
| The Administration Sent Harvard Sent A List Of Demands It Needed To Meet In Order To End A Review Of (4/3/2025)... | $9 billion the school receives from the federal government |
| Responding To The Administration Pressure, Harvard Suspended A Relationship With (3/27/2025)... | Birzeit University, a top Palestinian college in the West Bank, establishing new relationships with institutions in Israel |
| Responding To The Administration Pressure, Harvard Removed (3/29/2025)... | two faculty from leadership positions at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies (including Cemal Kafadar, a leading Turkish scholar) |
| Harvard Was Required To Reorganize Its Leadership And Limit Internal Stakeholder Power To... | allow broader institutional changes |
| At Harvard, The Government Will Continuously Audit Hiring Practices Until At Least 2028 To Ensure... | the institution is following required reforms |
| The Government Will Closely Analyze Detailed Admissions Data At Harvard To... | monitor how decisions are being made |
| Harvard University Was Being Required To Tighten International Admissions To... | exclude students viewed as opposed to core American values |
| Harvard University Had To Bring In An Approved Outside Group To... | evaluate and ensure a diversity of viewpoints across all parts of the institution |
| The University Was Being Ordered To Eliminate All DEI Efforts And Certify To The Government That It Had Fully Done So By ... | August 2025 |
| Rucho VS Common Cause (2019) | the Supreme Court decided that the Constitution does not prohibit extreme practice of drawing electoral district boundaries to maximize the voting strength of one political party while minimizing the influence of the opposing party |
| Allen VS Milligan | Supreme Court ruled that Alabama had diluted the power of Black voters by drawing a congressional voting map with a single district in which Black made up a majority |
| Conflict Perspective On The Patriarchy | the problems of women lie in patriarchal systems in which men control women's labor and sexuality |
| Functionalist Perspective On The Patriarchy | preindustrial societies required a division of labor based on gender // the process of modernization has eroded the biological basis for the division of labor, but belief systems change slowly |
| How Many Staes As On June 2025 Have Banned Underage Marriage With No Exceptions? | 16 States & the District of Columbia |
| As Of June 2025, How Many States Have No Statutory Minimum Age To Get Married? | 4 |
| What Fraction Of The World's Women Are Child Brides? | a quarter |
| The U.S. Is On Of 7 Countries Not To Have Ratified The 1979 Convention On The Elimination Of All Forms Of Discrimination Against Women | convention defines sex-based discrimination and mandates that ratifying nations adopt comprehensive, legally binding measures to end discrimination in public and private life |
| In 2010, The U.S. Congress Failed To Pass The International Protecting Girls By Preventing Child Marriage Act | legislation aiming to reduce child marriage in developing countries |
| The U.S. Is One Of 3 Countries Not To Have Ratified The United Nations Convention On The Rights Of The Child | legally binding international treaty detailing the civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights of children under 18 |
| Articles 2 & 3 From The Convention on Rights of the Child (9/20/1989) | every child has the same rights, without discrimination of any kind (article 2) // decisions about children must prioritize what is best for them (article 3) |
| Amendments That Indirectly Support Reproductive Rights | fourth, fifth, fourteenth, ninth |
| The Comstock Act Of 1873 | prohibits sending of obscene literature though the mails and defines birth control information as obscene // Comstock appointed assistant postmaster to enforce the law |
| Griswold VS Connecticut (1965) | Supreme Court legalized contraception and held that people have the right to privacy in making decisions about their own sexual health |
| Burwell VS Hobby Lobby | Supreme Court ruled that businesses whose owners hold sincere religious objections do not have to comply with the contraceptive mandate of the Affordable Care Act |
| Roe VS Wade (1973) | Supreme Court held the Texas abortion statute unconstitutional |
| Dobbs VS Jackson Women's Health Organization (6/24/2022) | court riled that a Mississippi law that bans most abortions after 15 weeks is constitutional // overturned the constitutional right to abortion established in Roe vs Wade |
| Veil Of Ignorance | Rawls proposed that we could use this thought experiment to identify a clear set of principles that could guide us in designing our major social and political institutions |
| United States Constitution, Article V | amendments can be proposed in two ways: by 2/3 of Congress // a convention requested by 2/3 of the states //amendments become law only if 3/4 of the states approve them (either through legislatures or conventions) |
| In 1923-1970, Alice Paul Introduced... | the Equal Rights Amendment in each session of Congress |
| In 1971, The Equal Rights Amendment Was Approved Without... | amendments by the U.S. House of Representatives in a vote of 354-24 |
| Equal Rights Amendment | a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution designed to guarantee equal legal rights regardless of sex |
| In 1972, The Equal Rights Amendment Is Approved By... | the Senate without changes // an arbitrary time limit of 7 years was set for ratification |
| In 1975-1977, Pressure From Anti-ERA, Right-Wing Groups Began To Surface In... | state legislators (Indiana became the 35th state to ratify the ERA in 1977) |
| In 1978, The U.S. Senate Joined The House And Approved An Extension Of... | the time limit on the Equal Rights Amendment (new deadline became 6/30/1982) |
| In 1979, Equal Rights Amendment Opponents Launched An All-Out Attack By Attempting To... | pass recission (cancellation) bills in 12 states // the recission bills were defeated in all 12 states |
| In 1982, Equal Rights Amendment Stopped Three States Short Of... | ratification (Congress' deadline for ratification had come and gone) |
| In 2017, The U.S. House Of Representatives Voted To Remove The... | Equal Rights Amendment deadline (Nevada became the 36th state to ratify the ERA) |
| In 2018, Illinois Became The 37th State To... | ratify the Equal Rights Amendment |
| In 2019, Virginia Became The 38th State To... | ratify the Equal Rights Amendment |
| The Justice Department Said Ratification... | did not matter (the ERA did not get enough state approval before the deadline, so it is considered unsuccessful and no longer valid) |
| On March 5th 2021, A Federal District Judge On Dealt A Blow To Advocates Of The Equal Rights Amendment In Ruling That The Deadline To Ratify The ERA... | "expired long age" and the three states' recent ratifications of the amendment arrived "too late to count" |
| On March 17th 2021, U.S. House Of Representatives Passed A Bill That Removed The Deadline For... | ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment |
| On January 15th 2022, The Equal Rights Amendment Became The 28th... | Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (or did it?) |
| On January 31st 2023, Representative Ayanna Pressley And Senator Ben Cardin Introduced A Joint Resolution To Affirm The... | ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment, removing the arbitrary deadline for ratification and recognizing the amendment as part of the Constitution |
| In April 2023, The Measure Of Recognizing The ERA As A Part Of The Constitution Didn't Win Support In The... | Senate, which was needed to clear the key 60-vote threshold |
| What Biden Wrote About The 28th Amendment (ERA) | asserted that the Equal Rights Amendment had been validly approved and should be recognized as law, ensuring gender equality |
| 27th Amendment Summary | lawmakers can’t immediately benefit from a pay change, but they must face voters first before it takes effect |
| The United States Does Not Have Explicit Protections For Women In Their... | constitutions (US does not) |
| In 2023, There Were About 49,300 Suicides In The... | U.S. (according to provisional CDC data) |
| On Average, There Is One Suicide Every... | 11 minutes |
| By 2022, Majority Of Male And Female Suicides Were Done... | with firearms |
| More Children, Aged 10-14, Commit Suicide Than Die In... | traffic accidents |
| Suicide Is The 2nd Leading Cause Of Death Among... | college students (after traffic accidents) |
| About 1 In Every 12 Students Have A... | suicide plan |
| Egoistic Suicide (Durkheim) | occurs for individualistic reasons, which often include the loss of close relationships |
| Anomic Suicide (Durkheim) | occurs when individuals experience downward social mobility or so much success they feel they have achieved everything |
| Altruistic Suicide (Durkheim) | the result of unusual devotion to the group (takes their own life for the benefit of others, the good of the group, or to fulfill a social obligation) |
| Fatalistic Suicide (Durkheim) | occurs when there is no hope of change, appeal, or release |
| Durkheim's Four Types Of Suicide | anomic, altruistic. fatalistic, egoistic |
| Federal Minimum Wage Has Not Kept Up With... | productivity |
| In 2023, The Top 1% Took What Percent Of Wealth? | 31.4% |
| In 2023, The 90-99% Took What Percent Of Wealth? | 37.6% |
| In 2023, The 50-90% Took What Percent Of Wealth? | 28.6% |
| In 2023, The Bottom 50% Took What Percent Of Wealth? | 2.5% |
| Life Expectancy In The U.S. Falls Behind... | other high-income countries |
| The Life Expectancy In The U.S. In 2020 Was... | 77.3 (declined by 1.6 since 2019) |
| 178,000 Deaths In 2023 Were... | alcohol-related deaths |
| 49,300 Deaths In 2023 Were... | suicides |
| 107,543 Deaths In 2023 Were... | drug-overdose deaths |
| Deaths Of Despair | fatal outcomes // specifically suicide, drug overdose, and alcoholic liver disease // driven by long-term economic, social, and psychological hardship |
| 334,843 Deaths In 2023 Were... | deaths of despair (average of 915 every day) |
| The United States Is The 23rd Most... | happy country |
| Suicide Rates Are High In The Happiest... | countries |
| Physician-Assisted Suicide | when a physician facilitates a patient's death by providing the necessary means and/or information to enable to patient to perform the life-ending act (is legal in 12 jurisdictions) |
| Active Euthanasia | when one willingly participates in the killing of someone to relieve suffering (active euthanasia is illegal) |
| Passive Euthanasia | the process by which a family member or caretaker knowingly withholds the necessities of life, such as food and water, in order to help someone die |
| Medical Aid In Dying In New Jersey | New Jersey law allows a mentally alert adult , whose prognosis of having less than 6 months to live has been certified by 2 doctors, to self-administer a lethal prescription (immediately induces sleep and causes death within hours) |
| Marijuana Is The Sweet Spot Between... | stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens |
| The Drug Scheduling Guide Puts Marijuana At Schedule... | one (high potential for abuse and dependence, no medicinal qualities) |
| Drug Scheduling Guide: Schedule I | high potential for abuse and dependence // no medicinal qualities (ex: marijuana, heroin) |
| Drug Scheduling Guide: Schedule II | high potential for abuse and dependence // some medicinal qualities (ex: cocaine, meth, adderall) |
| Drug Scheduling Guide: Schedule III | moderate potential use for abuse and dependence // acceptable medicinal qualities // doctor's prescription required (ex: tylenol with codeine, ketamine) |
| Drug Scheduling Guide: Schedule IV | low potential for abuse and dependence // acceptable medicinal qualities // prescription required and fewer refill regulations (xanax, tramadol) |
| Drug Scheduling Guide: Schedule V | lowest potential for abuse and dependence // acceptable medicinal qualities // prescription required and fewest refill regulations (robitussin AC, lyrica) |
| Today's Marijuana Is Far More Potent Than The Pot That Came Before... | legalization |
| Marijuana Was About 4% THC In 1995, But You Can Now By Marijuana With THC Levels Of... | 90% or more |
| 2.8 Million Suffer From Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome, With... | vomiting and stomach pain |
| More People Are Hospitalized With Marijuana-Linked... | paranoia and chronic psychotic disorders |
| 1 In 10 People Who Use Marijuana Develop An... | addiction (a similar share to alcohol) |
| The Only State With No Legal Use Of Marijuana Is... | Idaho |
| Marijuana Was Legalized In New Jersey Through... | a constitutional amendment, effective of 1/1/2021 (enabling legislation was singed into law on 2/22/2021) |
| If You Are At Least 21 Year Of Age In New Jersey, You Can Use Marijuana For Both... | recreational use and as a patient |
| How Many Ounces Of Cannabis Does The New Jersey Law Allow Possession Of? | up to 1 ounce |
| How Many Ounces Of Cannabis Can Medical Marijuana Patient Purchase Within 30 Days In New Jersey? | 3 ounces |
| It's Illegal To Grown Marijuana In New Jersey, Even If You're A... | patient |
| The Cannabis Administration And Opportunity Act (7/21/2022) | would legalize marijuana federally // introduced by the Senate on July 21st 2022 // did not recieve a vote |
| The Vast Majority Of Americans Support Legalizing Marijuana In Some Way | 87% |
| 54% Of Americans Are In Favor Of Marijuana... | being legal for medical and recreational use |
| 33% Of Americans Are In Favor Of Marijuana... | being legal for medical use only |
| 12% Of Americans Are In Favor Of Marijuana... | not being legal at all |
| Majority Of Whites, Blacks, And Hispanics Are In Favor Of Marijuana... | being legal for medical and recreational use |
| Majority Of Asians Are In Favor Of Marijuana... | being legal for medical use only |
| Typically, The Younger You Are, The More You Are In Favor Of Marijuana... | being legal for medical and recreational use |
| There Are More Democrat-Leaning People In Support Of Marijuana... | being legal for medical and recreational use than republican-leaning |
| 4800,000 Deaths In 2023 Were Attributed To... | tabacco smoking |
| A Fatal Overdose On Marijuana Is... | extremely rare |
| Drugs Have Social Identities | drug laws are more about the groups that use certain drugs, and less about the pharmacological properties of the drugs themselves |
| Social Constructionism | meaning and knowledge are socially created and are not objective realities // things that are generally viewed as normal in society are made and remade actively and creatively produced |
| What Group Were Anti-Opium Laws Aimed At? | Chinese workers |
| What Group's Power And Values Did The Temperance Movement Of The 19th Century Reassert? | white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant (WASP) |
| 18th Amendment (1919) | prohibited the sale and use of alcohol |
| Harrison Act (1914) | put a tax on manufacture or sale of opium (marijuana not included) |
| Marijuana Tax Act (1937) | aim was to tax marijuana out of existence // patterned after the Harrison Act |
| At A Press Conference On June 17 1971, President Nixon Named Drug Abuse As... | "public enemy number one in the United States) |
| "The Nixon Campaign in 1968, And The Nixon White House After That, Had Two Enemies"... | "the antiwar left and Black people" |
| Nixon's War On Drugs Was Really A Plot To Destroy... | antiwar groups and Black people (association) |
| U.S. Drug Control Spending From 1970-2010 Had Dramatically Increased, While The U.S. Drug Addiction Rate... | remained pretty steady |
| In 2007, 1 Out Of Every How Many Residents Were Behind Bars? | 1 out of every 122 |
| In 2007, The U.S. State And Federal Prison Population Was... | 1,439,808 (2,185,008 including people in county and city jails) |
| The Rate Of Violent Crime Peaked In The Year... | 1991 |
| The Crime Bill Passed In The Year... | 1994 |
| How Many Grams Of Crack Cocaine Do You Need To Be In Possession Of To Be Sentenced To 5 Years In Jail? | 5 grams |
| How Many Grams Of Powder Cocaine Do You Need To Be In Possession Of To Be Sentenced To 5 Years In Jail? | 500 grams |
| Compared To Other OECD Countries, The United States' Incarceration Rate Is... | very high |
| Lifetime Likelihood Of Imprisonment For White Men | 1 in 17 |
| Lifetime Likelihood Of Imprisonment For Black Men | 1 in 3 |
| Lifetime Likelihood Of Imprisonment For Latino Men | 1 in 6 |
| Lifetime Likelihood Of Imprisonment For White Women | 1 in 111 |
| Lifetime Likelihood Of Imprisonment For Black Women | 1 in 18 |
| Lifetime Likelihood Of Imprisonment For Latino Women | 1 in 45 |
| Fair Sentencing Act Of 2010 | reduced the sentencing disparity between offenses for crack and powder cocaine from 100:1 to 18:1, but only on a forward-going basis |
| First Step Act Of 2019 | made the Fair Sentencing Act Of 2010 apply to previous actions // allowed judges to shorten or bypass mandatory minimum sentences in some cases |
| What The "EQUAL" In The EQUAL Act Stands For | Eliminating a Quantifiably Unjust Application of the Law |
| EQUAL ACt | eliminated the 18:1 federal sentencing disparity between drug offenses involving crack and powder cocaine (passed in 2021, Senate has yet to act on it) |
| Donald Noel's Model Of Intergroup Relations | when culturally or physically dissimilar groups meet, ethnocentrism can be expected to typify intergroup attitudes // there is competition and conflict for valued resources // the dominant group uses its power to obstruct competition |
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