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ap human flash cards

All ap human flash cards from all units

TermDefinition
Spatial Approach The arrangement of the phenomena being studied across the surface of the earth.
Physical Geography The study of spatial characteristics of various elements of the physical environment.
Human Geography The study of the spatial characteristics of humans & human activities.
Absolute Location The precise/exact spot where something is according to some system of numbers.
Latitude The distance North or South of the equator.
Equator An imaginary line that circles the globe exactly halfway between the North & South poles.
Longitude The distance East or West of the Prime Meridian.
Prime Meridian An imaginary line that runs from pole to pole, through Greenwich, England.
International Date Line An imaginary line which follows directly opposite the Prime Meridian, except to make deviations to
Relative Location A description of where something is in relation to other things/places.
Connectivity How well 2 locations are tied together by roads or other links.
Accessibility How quickly & easily people in 1 location can interact with people in another location.
Place The specific human & physical characteristics of a location.
Region A group of places in the same area that share 1 or more characteristics.
Site The physical characteristics of a place at the immediate location.
Situation The location of a place relative to its surroundings & other places.
Sense of Place The perception of "place" based on our emotional connection & Association with a certain place
Toponyms Place names.
Time-space Compression The shrinking "time distance" between locations because of improved methods of transportation and communication
Spatial Interaction The contact, movement, & flow of things between locations.
Distance-decay The concept that explains the inverse relationship between distance and connection.
Spatial Association Matching patterns of distribution that indicate 2 or more phenomena may be related to one another.
Density The number of something in a specifically defined area.
Distribution The way a phenomenon is spread out over an area.
Human-environment Interaction The connection & exchange between humans & the natural world.
Environmental Determinism The belief that landforms & climate are the most powerful forces shaping human behavior &
Possibilism A view that acknowledges limits on the effects of the natural environment & focuses more on the role that human culture plays
Landscape Analysis The task of defining & describing landscapes.
Field Observation The act of physically visiting a location, place, or region & recording, first hand, information there.
Spatial Data All the information that can be tied to specific locations,
Aerial Photography Professional images captured from planes within the atmosphere.
Built Environment The physical artifacts that humans have created & that form part of the landscape.
Cultural Landscape Anything built by humans that reflects some aspect of human culture.
Scale The ratio between the size of things in the real world & the size of those same things on the map.
Reference Maps Maps designed for people to refer to for general information about places.
Political Maps Maps that show & label human-created boundaries & designations, such as countries, states, cities, & capitals.
Physical Maps Maps that show & label natural features, such as mountains, rivers, & deserts.
Thematic Maps Maps that show spatial aspects of information or of a phenomenon.
Choropleth Maps Maps that use various colors, shades of one color, or patterns to show the location & distribution of spatial data
dot distribution maps Maps that are used to show the specific location & distribution of something across the territory of the map.
Graduated Symbol Maps Maps that use symbols of different sizes to indicate different amounts of something.
Isoline Maps Maps that use lines that connect points of equal value to depict variations in the data across space.
Cartogram Maps that show the sizes of countries, states, or other units according to some specific statistic
Mercator Projection Map projection that's main purpose is navigation because directions are shown accurately, but does not show distance or size of place accurately (places appear larger especially near the poles).
Peters projection Map projection that shows sizes of land masses accurately, but shapes are inaccurate (especially at the poles).
Robinson Projection Map projection that most geographers use because there are no major distortions, but slight distortions with all areas.
Conic Projection Map projection generally used in mid-latitude countries because it is more accurate in those areas.
Formal/Uniform/Homogenous Region Regions that are united by 1 or more traits.
Perceptual/Vernacular Region Regions defined by the informal sense of place that people ascribe to them. Boundaries vary widely because peoples different sense of what defines & unites these regions.
Functional/Nodal Region Regions organized a focal point & are defined by an activity that occurs across the region.
Quantitative Data Information that can be measured and recorded using numbers.
Qualitative Data Information collected that is not represented by numbers; typically through interviews, descriptions, etc.
Population Distribution The pattern of human settlement or the spread of people across the earth.
Population Density A measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area.
Social Stratification The hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, ethnicity and region
Social Stratification Population density that is calculated by dividing a region's population/total area.
Physiological Population Density Population density that is calculated by dividing population/total amount of arable land.
Arable Land land suitable for crops
Carrying Capacity The populationthat can be supported without significant environmental deterioration.
Agricultural Population Density Population density that compares theof farmers to the area of arable land.
Redistricting The process by which legislators adjust boundaries every 10 years to maintain similars of voters per district.
Overpopulation When a region has more people than it can support.
Age-sex Composition Graph/Population Pyramid Tool used to study population that is based only on age and gender data, but that can provide information pertaining to birth & death rates, life expectancy, and economic development.
Baby Deficit Term that refers to a slow down of births during a specific time period.
Bab boom Term that refers to a period of time when birth rates spike.
Baby Bust Term used to describe the number of years after a baby Boom ends, when births are lower.
Echo Term that refers to a period of time when birth rates spike.
Physiological Population Density A value that compares the working to the non-working people in a population.
Potential Workforce The group of people in a society that are between the ages of 15-64.
Dependent Population People in a population who are under the age of 15 or over the age of 64.
Crude Birth Rate the of live births per year for each 1000 people.
Total Fertility Rate the average f children born per woman in a country, during the woman's child bearing years.
Anti-natalist Policies Government programs designed to decrease theof births in a country.
Pro-natalist Policies Government programs designed to increase the fertility rate of a country.
Life Expectancy the of years the average person will live.
Infant Mortality Rate the of children, per 1000 in a population, who die before their 1st birthday
Demographic Transition Model Shows the 5 typical stages of population change that countries pass through as they modernize.
Expansive Population Pyramid Shows the 5 typical stages of population change that countries pass through as they modernize.
Epidemiological Transition Model Shows the predictable stages in disease & life expectancy that countries experience as they develop.
Stationary Population Pyramid Population pyramid showing a country that is not significantly growing or shrinking.
Crude Death Rate the number of deaths per year for each 1000 people in a population.
Rate of Natural Increase The percentage at which a country's population is growing or declining. Calculated by BR-DR/10.
Immigrants people that move into a country
Emigrants People who move out of a Country.
Demographic Balancing Equation This is used to calculate a country's total population change because it accounts for migration as well as births & deaths.
Malthusian Theory A late 18th, early 19th century belief that food production would increase arithmetically, while population increased exponentially, each generation. It concluded that society was on its way to starvation.
Neo-Malthusians People today who argue that global overpopulation is a serious problem and an even greater threat for the future
Migration The permanent relocation or semi-permanent relocation of people from one place to another.
Voluntary Migration A relocation movement made by choice
Push Factors Negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where someone lives that cause them to migrate.
Pull Factors Positive conditions or circumstances that cause migrants to relocate to certain place.
Asylum Protection offered to migrants from the danger they face in their home country.
Intervening Obstacles Barriers that make reaching a migrants desired destination more difficult.
Ravenstein's Law of Migration A set of 8 patterns about migration tendencies, patterns, and demographics that form the basis for migration theory.
Gravity Model of Migration Combines the model of distance decay with the belief in the greater pull of larger communities, and the assumption that more people are likely to migrate from a large community than to a smaller one.
Step Migration A process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves.
counter migration The idea that each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction.
Forced Migration A type of movement in which people do not choose to relocate, by do so under threat of violence.
Internally Displaced Person Forced migrants who quickly flee to another part of their same country in order to stay alive. Most flee with the intent to return to their homes once the danger has passed,
Refugees Migrant who pass over international borders because of a well-founded fear that they will be harmed if they return home.
Chain Migration When people move to communities where family members or friends migrated previously.
Ethnic Enclaves When people move to communities where family members or friends migrated previously.
Xenophobia When Migration out of a country is made up many highly skilled or educated people.
Brain Drain When Migration out of a country is made up many highly skilled or educated people.
Remittances Money migrants send to their family and friends in the country they left.
Distance Decay When people move to communities where family members or friends migrated previously.
Culture All of a specific groups learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects
culture trait Elements of culture that are visible & invisible and that make up the aspects of a particular culture
Culture Complex Elements of culture that are visible & invisible and that make up the aspects of a particular culture
Folk Culture The beliefs & practices of small, homogenous groups often living in rural areas & are relatively isolated & slow to change
Culture Hearth The area in which a unique culture or specific trait develops. In regards to religion, this is where the religion originated
polythestic Belief in more than 1 God
Culture Realm Larger areas that include several regions that all share a few cultural traits
Globalization The process of intensified interaction among people, governments, & companies of different countries around the globe Popular Culture
Popular Culture Culture traits (clothing, music, movies, businesses, etc) that spread quickly over large areas & are adopted by various groups
Relocation Diffusion The main type of diffusion that spreads a cultural trait by people migrating and taking those traits with them
Expansion Diffusion The spread or diffusion of cultural traits through direct or indirect exchange without migration (there are 2 types of this)
Contagious Diffusion Diffusion that occurs when a cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people
Hierarchical Diffusion The spread of culture traits outward from people or places of importance
Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion When a trait diffuses from a lower class to a higher class
Stimulus Diffusion Occurs when people in a culture adopt an idea or process from another culture, but modify it b/c they reject one trait of it
Acculturation When an immigrant moves to a new area & adopts the values & practices of the larger group there, while still maintaining major elements of their own culture
Assimilation This happens when an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group
Multiculturalism The coexistence of several cultures in one society, with all cultures being valued and worthy of study
Nativist Anti-immigrant attitudes among the cultural majority. Can bring violence or government action against the immigrant group
Sense of Place The connection or personal attachment a person feels to a specific location
Taboos Behaviors that are heavily discouraged by a culture
Linguists Scientists who study languages
Romance Language The grouping of distinct regional languages that Latin diverged into
Indo-European Language Family The largest of the 15 major language families
Language Tree The way that language families are often shown. It suggests how languages are related & grow out of each other
Dialect Variations in a language through accents, spelling, vocabulary, accents, etc
Isogloss The boundaries between various pronunciations or word usage
Adage Sayings specific to a dialect that attempt to express a truth about life
Lingua Franca A common language used by people who do not share the same native language
Slang Informal usage of a word by a segment of the population
Creole Language When 2 or more separate languages mix & develop a new combined language. Occurs by mixing a colonizers language with that of the indigenous people
Pidgin Language A simplified mixture of 2 languages (often used for trade) that has fewer grammar rules & a smaller vocabulary & is not the native language of either group
Swahili Language that developed as early as 8th century b/c of trade between Arab speaking merchants & Bantu speaking residents
Official Language A language designated by the law to be the language of that government
Ethnicity Membership in a group of people who share characteristics like language, ancestry, customs, history & common experiences
Nationality The name used to describe people’s connection to a particular country
Fundamentalism An attempt to follow a literal interpretation of a religious faith. This is typically strongest closest to the religion’s hearth
Theocracies Type of government that is run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws
Sharia The name for the Islamic legal framework of a Country
Animism The belief that non-living objects, such as rivers & mountains, have a spirit
Monotheistic Belief in 1 God
Caste System The class structure that shaped Indian society and historically worked closely with Hinduism
Ethnic Religion Religion that emphasizes strong cultural characteristics among followers & most members are born or adopted into it
Universalizing Religion Religion that actively seeks converts to its faith regardless of ethnic background
Pilgrimage A religious journey taken by a person to a sacred place of his or her religion
Diaspora When one group of people is dispersed to various locations (can be forced- ex. Jews or Voluntary)
Ethnic Island Ethnic concentrations in rural areas (have cultural imprints like housing & agricultural dwellings that reflect heritage)
Sequent Occupancy Cultural imprints left by an ethnic group on a landscape that survives through time. Could refer to street names, place names, buildings, etc
State The formal term for a country, which is also the largest Political unit.
Sovereignty When a political unit has the power to rule over its own affairs
Nation A group of people who have certain things in common like heritage, beliefs. etc. Many claim a particular space as their homeland and have the desire to rule themselves.
Nation-State A singular nation of people who fulfill the qualifications of a state.
Multinational State A singular nation of people who fulfill the qualifications of a state.
Autonomous Region A defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government & freedom from its parent state
Stateless Nation Nations that do not have a state of their own, although they often have a political organization
Multistate nation When a nation has a state of it's own but stretches across borders of other states
Centripetal Forces forces that bring people in a state together and help to establish unity
Centrifugal Forces forces that bring people in a state together and help to establish unity
Imperialism Ways a Country can influence another country or group of people by direct conquest, economic control, or by cultural dominance
Colonialism A type of imperialism where people move in and settle on the land of another country
Berlin Conference When major countries of Europe met to lay out claims to Africa and drew boundaries with little regard to ethnicity, but based on natural resources
Neocolonialism When control over developing countries is exerted through indirect means- can be economic, political, or cultural
Genocide , organized killing in which people are targeted because of race, religion, ethnicity, or nationality
Cold War A period of diplomatic, political, & military rivalry between the US and USSR.
Satellite State A state dominated by another state politically & economically
Ethnic Cleansing The forced removal of a minority ethnic group from a territory
Geopolitics The study of the effects of geography on politics & relations among states
Territoriality A willingness by 1 person or group of people to defend space they claim
Organic Theory Theory that argues that States are born & need nourishment & living space to survive
Heartland Theory Theory that argued that land based power was essential in achieving global domination
Rimland Theory Theory that said power is derived from controlling strategic maritime areas of the world
Defined Boundary Theory that said power is derived from controlling strategic maritime areas of the world
Delimited Boundary Boundary line drawn on a map to show limits of space
Demarcated Boundary Boundary identified by physical objects placed on the landscape
Natural Boundary Boundary identified by physical objects placed on the landscape
Cultural Boundary Boundary based on human traits or behavior, so it often exists in the midst of a gradual change over space
Antecedent Boundary A boundary drawn before a large population was present
Subsequent Boundary A boundary drawn before a large population was present
Relic Boundary A boundary that no longer exists, but evidence of it still exists on the landscape
Superimposed Boundary A boundary drawn by outside powers
Militarized Boundary A boundary drawn by outside powers
Irredentism Expansionism that occurs when one country seeks annex territory in another because it has ties to part of the population that lives there
The United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea This was signed by over 150 countries and addressed water boundaries. It divided the sea into 4 zones.
Territorial Sea Gives countries up to 12 nautical miles of sovereignty off their coast. Commercial vessels may pass through these waters, but non-commercial vessels may be challended
Contiguous Zone Stretches 24 nautical miles off the coast of countries and gives limited sovereignty where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration, & sanitation
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 200 nautical miles off the coasts of countries. Allows those countries to explore, extract minerals, & manage these waters
High Seas water beyond the EEZ that is open to all states
Electorate The citizens represented by elected officials
Reapportionment The changing of the number of representatives for each state, so that it reflects the state population
Redistricting The changing of the number of representatives for each state, so that it reflects the state population
Gerrymandering The drawing of boundaries for political districts by the party or group in power in order to give that group an advantage
Shatterbelt A region that suffers instability because it is located between 2 very different regions
Unitary State A type of state where the authority of the central government is held with very little power given to local governments
Federal State A state where power is shared between the central government & provincial, state, & local governments
Annexation The process of legally adding territory to a city
Supranationalism An organization of multiple countries that is formed to achieve greater benefits for all members
Transnational Corporation Companies that conduct business on a global scale
Devolution The transfer of political power from the Central government to subnational levels of government. Can result in more autonomy for a group or total separation from a state.
Terrorism Organized violence aimed at government & civilian targets that is intended to create fear and accomplish political gains. Most commonly used non-governmental groups
Subnationalism Describes people who have a primary allegiance to a traditional group or ethnicity
Balkanization The fragmentation of a state or region into smaller, often hostile units, along ethno-linguistic lines
Nationalism Strong feelings of patriotism & loyalty one feels towards one's country. This can also refer to a nation's desire to create & maintain a state of it's own.
Commercial Agriculture Farming that is focused on raising one specific crop to sell for profit. It is mainly practiced in MDCs
Subsistence Agriculture Farming that focuses on raising food families need to live, not for profit
Plant Domestication The name for the growing of crops that people planted, raised, & harvested. This started with the 1st Agricultural Revolution.
Animal Domestication The name for the growing of crops that people planted, raised, & harvested. This started with the 1st Agricultural Revolution.
1st Agricultural Revolution The name for the growing of crops that people planted, raised, & harvested. This started with the 1st Agricultural Revolution.
Terrace Farming When farmers build a series of steps into a hill to create flat surfaces for farming
Slash-and-burn When an area of forest is cut down & burned, so land can be farmed several years before soil depletes & plot is abandoned
Deforestation The removal of large tracts of forests that is turned into farmland or urban areas
Desertification The transition of land from fertile to desert
2nd Agricultural Revolution Began in the 1700s and began with the advancements of the Industrial Revolution to increase food supplies & support population growth
Enclosure Acts A series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase & enclose land for their own use that had previously been common land used by peasants
3rd Agricultural Revolution/Green Revolution Time period in mid-20th century that had major advances in plant biology, along with development of higher yielding, disease resistant, faster growing varieties of grains
Greenbelt An area of recreational parks or other undeveloped land, rather than a source of fuel
GMOs Process by which humans use engineering techniques to change the DNA of a seed
Pastoral nomadism A type of agriculture practiced in the developing world where people travel place to place with herds of domesticated animals
Shifting Cultivation A type of subsistence agriculture in which farmers, usually tropical regions, move from one field to another
Market gardening/truck farming A type of subsistence agriculture in which farmers, usually tropical regions, move from one field to another
Overgrazing Damage to grasslands by animals, to the extent that the vegetation will not refresh itself, even after the animals leave
Milk shed The geographic distance milk can be delivered without spoiling.
Transhumance This is practiced by herders in Mediterranean Agricultural regions and it's the seasonal herding of animals from higher elevations in the summer to lower elevations and valleys in the winter.
Mediterranean Agriculture Commercial agriculture that is practiced in regions with hot-dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, & often some type of irrigation system
Extensive Farming Agriculture that uses fewer inputs of capital & paid labor relative to the amount of space being used
Intensive Farming Agriculture that involves greater inputs of capital & paid labor relative to the space being used
Double-cropping The planting & harvesting on the same parcel of land twice per year. Used to maximize output on small pieces of land
Intercropping When farmers grow 2 or more crops simultaneously on the
Feed lots Confined spaces in which cattle & hogs have limited movement, in order to gain weight faster & require less room
Agribusiness The integration of various steps of production (procession, production, retail, etc.) in the food-processing industry
Supply or Commodity chain The system of resources, producer transportation, communication, information, & consumers
Fair trade Movement designed to get more money into the hands of small farmers in poor countries who raise the crops, instead of transnational corporations.
Monoculture The raising of a single cash crop on large plots of land.
Neocolonialism The use of economic, political, & social pressures to control former colonies by the former colonizing country
Subsidy Public support provided by governments in the developed world toward items citizens pay for. These are provided to farmers to ensure that consumers have a dependable, low-cost supply of food
Infrastructure Public support provided by governments in the developed world toward items citizens pay for. These are provided to farmers to ensure that consumers have a dependable, low-cost supply of food
Clustered settlements Groups of homes located near each other in a hamlet or village
Dispersed settlements A pattern in which farmers lived in homes spread throughout the countryside
Metes & Bounds Fields or property that has irregular shapes that reflect the location of physical features (found in England & NE of the U.S)
Township Land organized by the government into 6x6 mile parcels that could also be further divided into smaller lots or sections
Long-lot system A system in which farms were long, narrow strips of land that ran perpendicular to a river
Von Thünens Model Economic model that suggested a pattern for type of products farmers would produce @ different positions from the market
Isotropic A flat area where there is no variation in physical landscape, climate, or gradient density
Horticulture Type of agriculture that includes market gardening & truck farming and dairying (items which are perishable).
Bid rent curve Used to indicate the starting position for each land use relative to the market, as well as where each land use would end
Comparative advantage Naturally occurring, beneficial conditions that would prompt farmers to plant crops different from V.T. Model predicts
Aquaculture The process of raising & harvesting fish & other forms of food that live in water
Industrial Revolution A set of changes in technology that dramatically increased manufacturing productivity. The hearth was Great Britain in the 1700s
Imperialism A policy of extending a country’s political & economic power through colonization or gaining of territories throughout the world.
Assembly line When an item is moved from worker to worker, with each worker performing the same task repeatedly
Fordism System of mass-production that used assembly lines to produce more standardized products more rapidly & with less skilled workers
Substitution Principle When businesses seek to maximize profit by substituting one factor of production for another (ex. Replacing people with machines)
Post-fordism A system in which people have been replaced by machines and workers who don’t lose their jobs are trained to do more than one job, so they can rotate among different workstations during the day
Primary Sector The economic sector in which the main jobs consist of extracting natural resources, ie. farming, mining, etc
Secondary Sector The economic sector in which natural resources are processed to be sold to consumers
Tertiary Sector The economic sector that provides services to people and businesses
Quaternary Sector Part of the tertiary sector that is more knowledge-based- includes research & development, consulting, education, etc
Quinary Sector Part of the tertiary sector that consists of the highest levels of decision makers & top officials in government
Multiplier effect The potential of a job to produce additional jobs
Agglomeration economies The spatial grouping of businesses in order to share costs- ex. Several factories share the cost of building an access road
Least Cost Theory Created by Alfred Weber to explain key decisions made by businesses about where to locate factories
Locational Triangle Created by Alfred Weber to explain key decisions made by businesses about where to locate factories
Bulk-reducing Industry /weight reducing/Raw material oriented When the weight of the raw materials outweighs the finished product, so factories try to locate near the source of the raw materials
Bulk-gaining Industry /weight gaining/Market oriented Refers to products that are heavier when finished, so companies try to locate near the market
Energy Oriented Industry When energy demands are so high that factories are built in close proximity to major sources of abundant, cheap power
Labor Oriented Industry When industries require people with very specific skills & locate close to major training institutions
Locational Interdependence When the location decision for a factory is dependent upon the location of other factories
Just-in-time Delivery A system in which the inputs needed in the assembly process arrive at the assembly plant very close to when they are needed
Footloose Businesses that can pack up and leave for a new location quickly & easily and location & there are no specific location requirements
Front offices Work spaces that are very expensive & therefore businesses try not to occupy more space than necessary
Back offices Cheaper office spaces employees are located in
Offshoring When companies move their back offices to other countries because the cost of doing business there is lower
Outsourcing The contracting of work out to non-company employees or other companies
Barter A system of exchange in which no money changes hands.
Complementarity Trade that occurs when both parties have goods or services that the other party desires.
Trading blocs Groups of countries that agree to a common set of trade rules
Transnational corporation Companies that operate in more than one country
New International Division of Labor A. system of employment in the various economic sectors spread throughout the world
Export Processing Zone Spaces within a country where special regulations benefit foreign-controlled businesses
Maquiladoras The name for the factories in the EPZ zone in Mexico
Brownfields The sites of abandoned factories
Rust Belt The name for the Northeast US and lands around the Great Lakes that were hit hardest by deindustrialization
Per capita The term for the certain amount of money "per person"
Gross National Product per capita (GNP) The total value of goods produced & services provided by a specific country in 1 year, regardless of what country that business is located in.
Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDP) Measures production inside a country, regardless of which country owns the business/industry.
Gross National Income per capita (GNI) The total amount of money earned by a nation's people & businesses in 1 year.
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) Solving the problem of prices varying from country to country by converting these amounts based on what an amount of money will buy in each individual country
Gini coefficient measures the distribution of income within a population pf a country
Gender Gap The differences in the privileges afforded to males and females in a culture or country
Gender Inequality Index (GII) Measures the amount of disparity or inequality between males & females in a country
Human Development Index (HDI) Combines GNI with Social measures to give countries ranking development based on more than just income
Stages of Economic Growth Model Rostow's Model for Economic Growth Modernization model that focuses on the shift from traditional to modern forms of society.
World Systems Theory/Core-Periphery Model A dependency model where countries are divided into core, semi-periphery, & periphery.
Dependency Model A dependency model where countries are divided into core, semi-periphery, & periphery.
Core This is the are of the World Systems Theory that contains MDCs.
Periphery This is the are of the World Systems Theory that contains LDCs.
Semi-periphery This is the are of the World Systems Theory that contains developing countries.
Sustainable Development Any economic development that serves the current needs of people without making it harder for people in the future to live well.
Ecotourism . Tourism used to promote Sustainable Development by attempting to protect local ecosystems & educate visitors about them.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) Programs used to help women find jobs outside the home.
microcredit/microfinance programs that provide small loans to start or expand a business to entrepreneurs who would not normally qualify for credit from transnational services.
Subregions Smaller areas of specific regions that share some characteristics with the rest of the larger region but is distinctive in some ways.
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