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APUSH Part 5
Struggling for Justice at Home and Abroad (1901-1945)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Social Gospel | A branch of progressivism based on Christian teachings. They use religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor |
| Initiative | Method where voters could directly propose legislation themselves, avoiding the boss-bought state legislatures |
| Referendum | Device that placed laws on the ballot for final approval by the people especially laws that concerned free spending of big businesses |
| Recall | Enabled voters to remove faithless elected officials, particularly those who had been bribed |
| Muller v. Oregon | (1908) In this Supreme Court case, they accepted the constitutionality of laws protecting female workers by showing evidence of the harmful effects of factory labor on woman's weaker bodies |
| Lochner v. New York | (1905) The Supreme Court invalidated a New York law establishing a 10-hour day for bakers and in 1917, the 10-hour day was upheld |
| Elkins Act | (1903) This act aimed to impose heavy fines on railroads that gave rebates (partial refund) and on the shippers that accepted them |
| Pure Food and Drug Act | (1906) This act was designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals |
| Dollar Diplomacy | This system encouraged Wall Street bankers to sluice their surplus dollars into foreign areas of strategic concern to the United states |
| Payne-Aldrich Bill | This bill increased tariffs on some goods while decreasing tariffs on others; this greatly angered many Republicans |
| New Freedom | Woodrow Wilson's program for the 1912 election; it supported stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and tariff reductions |
| New Nationalism | Roosevelt's program for the 1912 election; it also supported a more active government role in economic and social affairs, but his strategies conflicted with Wilson’s |
| Underwood Tariff | This tariff passed by Woodrow Wilson substantially reduced import fees and Helped lead to the 16th amendment which established A graduated income tax |
| Federal Reserve Act | (1913) This act established the Federal Reserve board which was made-up of 12 regional reserve districts each with its own central bank; they also had to issue paper money |
| Federal Trade Commission Act | (1914) This act allowed the presidentially appointed Commission to search industries engaged in Interstate commerce, they were expected to stop monopolies by rooting out unfair trade practices |
| Clayton Anti-Trust Act | (1914) This act clarified more business practices that were objectional including price discrimination and interlocking directorates |
| Workingmen's Compensation Act | (1916) This act granted assistance to federal civil service employees during periods of disability |
| Adamson Act | (1916) Established an 8 hour day for all employees on trains and Interstate commerce and gave extra pay for overtime |
| Jones Act | (1916) This act granted the Philippines territorial status and promised independence once a “stable government” was established |
| Tampico Incident | (1914) Huerta (Mexican president) was greatly opposed by Wilson. Wilson wanted to use armed forces against Mexico and before Congress could stop him, he ordered navy to seize a Mexican port. Argentina, Brazil, and Chile stepped in to help US remove Huerta |
| Committee on Public Information | Organization formed to inspire American nationalism and convince them to support Wilson’s war aims |
| Espionage Act | (1917) Along with the Sedition Act, was enacted in response to fears about Germans and anti-war Americans |
| Schneck v. United States | (1919) Supreme Court case that ruled freedom of speech could be revoked if the speech posed a "clear and present danger" to the nation |
| War Industries Board | (est. 1918) Set a precedenet for the federal government to take a central role in economic planning in moments of crisis. However, it was disbanded just days after it was established |
| National War Labor Board | Board that encouraged less labor disputes to avoid hampering the war effort, pressing employers to grant concessions to labor, including high wages and an 8-hour day |
| Industrial Workers of the World | Organization that engineered some of the most damaging industrial sabotage in anger towards poor working conditions |
| Nineteenth Amendment | (1920) Amendment that gave all American women the right to vote |
| Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act | (1921) Provided federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health care |
| Battle of Chateau-Thierry | (1918) First significant engagement of American troops in a European war. It was significant because the French troops had been tired after fighting for years and fresh, American troops gave them hope |
| Treaty of Versailles | (1919) Treaty that ended WWI and forced Germany to accept blame for the war and pay reparations |
| Criminal Syndicalism Laws | (1919-1920) Anti-red statutes which made unlawful the mere advocacy of violence to secure social change |
| American Plan | Overdramatic plan to prevent Soviets and Communists from infiltrating the US |
| Immigration Act of 1924 | Decreased the number of immigrants allowed to enter the US, determined proportionally based on nation's population (ex. Britain had more immigrants than Italy) |
| Eighteenth Amendment | (1919) Amendment that established Prohibition, banning alcohol, also known as the Volstead Act |
| United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) | Association that promoted the resettlement of American blacks in their own "African homeland". Within the US, they supported stores and other businesses to keep black's money in black's pockets |
| Adkins v. Children's Hospital | (1923) Supreme Court Case that opposed Muller v. Oregon; claimed that since women had the right to vote and were equals to men, they couldn't be protected by special legislation in factories |
| Nine-Power Treaty | (1922) Treaty that agreed to nail wide-open the Open Door in China |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact | (1928) Pact, also known as the Pact of Paris, that made its signing nations promise to foreswear war as an instrument of national policy |
| Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law | (1922) Law that increased tariffs to an average of 38.5%, similar to those established under Tariff of 1909 |
| McNary-Haugen Bill | (1924-1928) Bill that sought to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy surpluses and sell them abroad |
| Dawes Plan | (1924) Plan that rescheduled German reparations and allowed for further American private loans to Germany |
| Agricultural Marketing Act | (1929) Act that helped farmers help themselves through producer's cooperatives. It set up the Federal Farm Board which lent money to farm organizations seeking to buy, sell, and store agricultural surpluses |
| Hawley-Smoot Tariff | (1930) The highest protective tariff in the nation's peacetime history, average duty was 60% |
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) | (est. 1932) Corporation that aimed to proved indirect relief during the depression by helping insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and local governments |
| Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act | (1932) Outlawed antiunion contracts and forbade the federal courts to issue injuctions to restrain strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing |
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