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APUSH Part 4
Forging an Industrial Society (1865-1909)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| "Waving the Bloody Shirt" | Saying which revived gory memories of the Civil War, became a prominent feature of the presidential campaign for Grant |
| Tweed Ring | Displayed NYC lack of ethics typical of the age. "Boss" Tweed employed bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to milk the metropolis of as much as $200 million. |
| Credit Mobilier Scandal | In 1872, Union Pacific Railroad insiders formed the Credit Mobilier construction company and then hired themselves at inflated prices to build the railroad. The company bribed some members of Congress and the president, Grant. It was eventually exposed. |
| Panic of 1873 | A periodic plummet that occurred during this age of unbridled capitalist expansion. Profits failed to materialize, loans when unpaid, and the whole credit-based system fell. |
| Gilded Age | The Gilded Age (named by Mark Twain) was a 30-year period when even a slight nudge could tip an advantage to the opposition party. Gilded means it may look good on the outside, but after a closer look, its obvious how flawed it is. |
| Patronage | Political parties disbursed jobs by the bucketful in return for votes, kickbacks, and party service |
| Compromise of 1877 | Proposed by Henry Clay, it declared that a tie in the election would be broken by the Electoral Count Act, which was passed in 1877. It set up an electoral commission consisting of 15 men selected from the Senate, House, and Supreme Court. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1875 | This act supposedly guaranteed equal accommodations in public places and prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection, although it was rarely effective |
| Sharecropping | Many Blacks and poor whites resorted to this which was a method where they worked on farms for masters in exchange for a cut of their harvest |
| Jim Crow Laws | Southern states enacted literacy requirements, voter-registration laws, and poll taxes as well as tolerating and even encouraging violent intimidation of blacks |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | (1896) Ruled "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional under "equal protection" clause of 4th amendment. In reality, quality of African American facilities were much worse than whites. Facilities included schools, bathrooms, and public transport |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | (1882) Prohibited all future immigration from China until 1943. |
| Pendleton Act | (1883) Made compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees illegal and established the Civil Service Commission to make appointments to federal jobs based on competitive examinations rather than "pull" |
| Homestead Strike | (1892) Steelworkers at Andrew Carnegie's Homestead steel plant in Pittsburgh went on strike to protest pay cuts. They were armed and forced their assailants to surrender. Troops were eventually sent in to break it up. |
| Grandfather Clause | Made it a requirement that if your grandfather had voted in the 1860 election, you would be able to also. This prevented most blacks as their grandfathers had been enslaved at the time. |
| Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois | (1886) Decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce. |
| Interstate Commerce Act | (1887) Prohibited rebates and pools, required railroads to openly publish rates. Forbade unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed charging more for a short haul than a long one on same line. Set up ICC to administer and enforce new legislation |
| Vertical Integration | Carnegie's method that combined all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing into one organization. He hoped this would improve efficiency through increasing reliability and quality of goods while cutting out middlemen's fees |
| Horizontal Integration | Rockefeller's method where he allied with competitors to monopolize a given market, oil in his case. |
| Trust | Device perfected by Rockefeller for controlling his rivals. Stockholders in smaller companies assigned their stock to the board of directors in the Standard Oil Company to consolidate and concert previously competing enterprises. |
| Interlocking Directorates | J.P. Morgan consolidated rival enterprises and ensured future harmony by placing officers of his own baking syndicate on their various boards of directors. This was known as ______. |
| Standard Oil Company | (1870) John D. Rockefeller established Standard Oil and rapidly grew his business, becoming one of the richest people ever in history through his use of trusts. |
| Social Darwinists | Theory that argued individuals won their stations in life by competing on the basis of their natural talents. For example, the wealthy and powerful had simply demonstrated more abilities than the poor. |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act | (1890) Forbade combinations in restraint of trade, without distinction between "good" and "bad" trusts. Bigness, not badness, was the sin. This act proved mostly ineffective, although it did help stop labor unions or labor combinations. |
| National Labor Union | (est. 1866) One of the earliest national-scale unions to organize in America or Europe. It aimed to unify workers across locales and trades to challenge powerful bosses. It lasted for 6 years and had up to 600,000 members. |
| Knights of Labor | (est. 1869) A secret organization that sought to include all workers in "one big union". However, they didn't allow liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, or stockbrokers. |
| Haymarket Square | (1886) Labor protest got out of hand when a bomb went off, killing and injuring 12 people. The Knights of Labor were falsely accused of setting it off by the public and they were forced to disband |
| American Federation of Labor | (est. 1886) Samuel Gompers founded the AF of L which consisted of an association of self-governing national unions each of which kept their independence. Gompers attempted a more peaceful approach to social reform. |
| Closed Shop | One of Gomper's main goals was the "trade agreement" which authorized all-union labor. His biggest weapons were the walkout and the boycott. |
| New Immigrants | Term for immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. This included Italians, Jews, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, and Poles. |
| Settlement Houses | Name for Jane Addams Hull House in Chicago and Lillian Wald's Henry Street Settlement in New York. These helped immigrants adjust to new, overwhelming American life and style. |
| Liberal Protestants | Religion rooted in Unitarian ideas against orthodox Calvinism mixed with liberal ideas. However, it did face frequent controversies with fundamentalists. |
| Tuskegee Institute | Established by Booker T. Washington to train young blacks in agriculture and other necessary trades. This provided an opportunity that blacks hadn't had before. |
| Land-grant Colleges | Most of these became state universities, and in exchange, bound themselves to provide certain services such as military training |
| Pragmatism | Concept proposed by William James where the truth of an idea was to be tested above all, by its practical consequences. |
| Yellow Journalism | Dramatization of current events by journalists. Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst were famous yellow journalists during this time. |
| National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) | (est. 1890) Founders Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony as well as Carrie Chapman Catt emphasized the argument that women deserved the right to vote because they should be equal to men. |
| Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) | (est. 1874) Women union which opposed drinking of alcohol and supported planned parenthood. Carrie A. Nation whose husband died of alcoholism took a hatchet and smashed bars in protest (this was really just a one-women crusade). |
| World's Columbian Exposition | (1893) Held in Chicago as part of the City Beautiful movement. A landscape of pavilions and fountains honored Columbus's first voyage. |
| Reservation System | Established boundaries for the territories of each tribe in an attempt to separate the Indians into two great "colonies" to the north and south of intended white settlements |
| Battle of the Little Bighorn | One of the few Indian victories during the Plans wars in the 1860's |
| Battle of Wounded Knee | (1890) Indians in the Ghost Dance cult were brutally attacked and massacred by the army |
| Dawes Severalty Act | (1887) Dissolved many tribes as legal entities, removed tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. It was promised that if they behaved like good, white Christians, they would be granted citizenship |
| Mining Industry | The mining frontier became huge, jobs were found for both men and women. This caused towns to pop up near many coal and gold mines. |
| Homestead Act | (1862) Allowed a settler to get up to 160 acres by living on it for 5 years and paying a nominal fee of about $30 |
| Mechanization of Agriculture | In the postwar years, agricultural modernization drove many smaller farmers off the land, swelling the ranks of the industrial workforce. As some rural populations decreased, those farmers that remained flourished. |
| Populists | (est. 1890) Political party made up mostly of farmers who wanted government regulation of railroads, a graduated income tax, a new federal subtreasury, and the coinage of silver |
| Pullman Strike | (1894) Eugene V. Debs led a strike on the Pullman Palace Car Company where cars and trains where attacked and overturned in protest of low wages |
| Fourth Party System | (1860) New political era that marked the change from three political parties to four |
| Gold Standard Act | (1900) Provided that paper currency be redeemed freely in gold, despite protests for coinage of silver |
| Big Sister Policy | Aimed at gaining support of Latin American countries and using them for trade and other economic benefits |
| Great Rapprochement | Also known as the reconciliation between the US and Britain where they finally decided to ignore tensions between them and peacefully exist |
| McKinley Tariff | (1890) Barriers were raised against Hawaiian sugar in an attempt to convince white American planters to renew their efforts to secure the annexation of Hawaii to the US |
| Insurrectos | Group of Cubans that torched canefields and sugar mills and blew up passenger trains in protest to their Spanish overlords |
| The Maine | An American ship was blown up off the coast of Cuba on February 115, 1898. The US immediately accused the Spanish of committing the crime |
| Teller Amendment | (1898) Proviso that declared once the US overthrew the Spanish in Cuba, that Cuba would be given their freedom |
| Rough Riders | Colorful regiment of volunteers that consisted of people from all different backgrounds, led by Theodore Roosevelt |
| Anti-Imperialist League | Organization that opposed American imperialism. They also wanted Filipino's to be given freedom because they claimed annexing them would violate the "consent of the governed" |
| Foraker Act | (1900) Act that gave Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government, although they were given US citizenship in 1917 |
| Insular Cases | (beginning 1901) Supreme Court case that declared Puerto Ricans and Filipinos might be subject to American rule but wouldn't enjoy all American rights |
| Platt Amendment | (1901) Opposing the Teller Amendment, declared that the United States could intervene with troops in Cuba if they saw it fit |
| Open Door Note | (1899) Declared that foreign nations announce their spheres of influence to respect certain Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition |
| Boxer Rebellion | (1900) Chinese rebellion against foreign influence where hundreds of foreigners were killed and thousands of Chinese Christians besieged the foreign diplomatic community |
| Hay-Pauncefote Treaty | (1901) Gave the United States a free hand to build the Panama Canal and also gave them the right to fortify it |
| Roosevelt Corollary | Roosevelt's addition to the Monroe Doctrine, declaring that if Latin American countries were to have economic problems in the future, the US could intervene and Europe couldn't |
| Root-Takahira Agreement | (1908) Agreement between the US and Japan that they would respect each other's territorial possessions in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China |
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elawrence27
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