Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
APUSH Part 3
Testing the New Nation (1820-1877)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| West Africa Squadron | (established 1808): British Royal Navy force formed to enforce the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. It intercepted hundreds of slave ships and freed thousands of Africans. |
| Breakers | Slave drivers who employed the lash to brutally “break” the souls of strong-willed slaves |
| Black Belt | Region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves. The “Black belt” emerged in the nineteenth century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and west. |
| Responsorial | Call and response style of preaching that melded Christian and African traditions. Practiced by African slaves in the South |
| Nat Turner's Rebellion | (1831): Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty whites and raised fears among white Southerners of further uprisings. |
| Amistad | (1839) Spanish slave ship seized off Cuban coast by the enslaved Africans aboard. Ship was driven ashore in Long Island and slaves were put on trial. Former president John Quincy Adams argued their case before Supreme Court, securing eventual release |
| American Colonization Society | Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves. |
| Liberia | West-African nation founded in 1822 as a haven for freed blacks, fifteen thousand of whom made their way back across the Atlantic by the 1860s. |
| The Liberator | (1831–1865): Antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves |
| American Anti-Slavery Society | (1833–1870): Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters. |
| Appeal to the Colorized Citizens of the World | (1829): Incendiary abolitionist track advocating the violent overthrow of slavery. Published by David Walker, a Southern-born free black. |
| Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass | (1845): Vivid autobiography of the escaped slave and renowned abolitionist Frederick Douglass. |
| Mason-Dixon Line | Originally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Virginia in the 1760s, it came to symbolize the North-South divide over slavery |
| Gag Resolution | Prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals. Driven through the House by pro-slavery Southerners, the gag resolution passed every year for eight years, eventually overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams. |
| Tariff of 1842 | Protective measure passed by Congressional Whigs, raising tariffs to pre-Compromise of 1833 rate |
| Caroline | (1837): Diplomatic row between the United States and Britain. Developed after British troops set fire to an American steamer carrying supplies across the Niagara River to Canadian insurgents, during Canada’s short-lived insurrection. |
| Creole | (1841): American ship captured by a group of rebelling Virginia slaves. The slaves successfully sought asylum in the Bahamas, raising fears among Southern planters that the British West Indies would become a safe haven for runaway slaves. |
| Aroostook War | (began 1839): Series of clashes between American and Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory of northern Maine, resolved when a permanent boundary was agreed upon in 1842. |
| Manifest Destiny | (1840s and 1850s): Belief that the United States was destined by God to spread its “empire of liberty” across North America. Served as a justification for mid-nineteenth century expansionism. |
| Fifty-four Forty or Fight | (1846) Slogan adopted by mid-19 century expansionists who advocated occupation of Oregon territory, jointly held by Britain and US. Though President Polk pledged to seize all of Oregon, to 54° 40', he settled on 49th parallel as compromise with British |
| Liberty Party | (1840–48) Antislavery party that ran candidates in 1840 and 44 elections before merging with Free Soil. Supporters sought eventual abolition of slavery, in short term hoped to halt expansion of slavery into territories and abolish domestic slave trade. |
| Walker Tariff | (1846): Revenue-enhancing measure that lowered tariffs from 1842 levels thereby fueling trade and increasing Treasury receipts |
| Spot Resolutions | (1846): Measures introduced by Illinois congressman Abraham Lincoln, questioning President James K. Polk’s justification for war with Mexico. Lincoln requested that Polk clarify precisely where Mexican forces had attacked American troops. |
| California Bear Flag Republic | (1846): Short-lived California republic, established by local American settlers who revolted against Mexico. Once news of the war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the Republic in favor of joining the United States |
| Battle of Buena Vista | (1847): Key American victory against Mexican forces in the Mexican-American War. Elevated General Zachary Taylor to national prominence and helped secure his success in the 1848 presidential election. |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | (1848): Ended the war with Mexico. Mexico agreed to cede territory reaching northwest from Texas to Oregon in exchange for $18.25 million in cash and assumed debts. |
| Conscience Whigs | (1840s and 1850s): Northern Whigs who opposed slav ery on moral grounds. Conscience Whigs sought to prevent the annexation of Texas as a slave state, fearing that the new slave territory would only serve to buttress the Southern “slave power”. |
| Wilmot Proviso | (1846): Amendment that sought to prohibit slav ery from territories acquired from Mexico. Introduced by Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmot, the failed amendment ratcheted up tensions between North and South over the issue of slav ery |
| Popular Soverignty | (in the context of slavery debate) Notion that sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote spread of slavery |
| Free Soil Party | 1848–1854): Antislav ery party in the 1848 and 1852 elections that opposed the extension of slav ery into the territories, arguing that the presence of slavery would limit opportunities for free laborers. |
| California Gold Rush | (began 1849) Inflow of thousands of miners to Northern CA after gold discovery at Sutter’s Mill in Jan. of 1848 had spread around world by end of 1849. Onslaught of migrants prompted Californians to organize a government and apply for statehood in 1849. |
| Underground Railroad | Informal network of volunteers that helped runaway slaves escape from the South and reach free-soil Canada. Seeking to halt the flow of runaway slaves to the North, Southern planters and congressmen pushed for a stronger fugitive slave law. |
| Seventh of March Speech | (1850) Daniel Webster’s impassioned address urging North to support Compromise of 1850. He argued topography and climate would keep slavery from appearing in Mexican Cession territory and urged Northerners to make reasonable concessions to stop disunion. |
| Compromise of 1850 | Admitted CA as a free state, opened NM and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended slave trade (not slavery itself) in D.C., and introduced more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both North and South, it did little to settle dispute over slavery |
| Fugitive Slave Law | (1850): Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Strengthened the antislavery cause in the North. |
| Clayton-Bulwer Treaty | (1850) Signed by GB and US, said the nations would jointly protect neutrality of Central America and neither would seek to exclusively control any future waterway. Later revoked by Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, which gave the US control of Panama Canal |
| Ostend Manifesto | (1854): Secret Franklin Pierce administration proposal to purchase or, that failing, to wrest militarily Cuba from Spain. Once leaked, it was quickly abandoned due to vehement opposition from the North. |
| Opium War | (1839–1842): War between Britain and China over trading rights, particularly Britain’s desire to continue selling opium to Chinese traders. The resulting trade agreement prompted Americans to seek similar concessions from the Chinese. |
| Treaty of Wanghia | (1844): Signed by the U.S. and China, it assured the United States the same trading concessions granted to other powers, greatly expanding America’s trade with the Chinese. |
| Treaty of Kanagawa | (1854): Ended Japan’s two-hundred year period of economic isolation, establishing an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese ports. |
| Gadsden Purchase | (1853): Acquired additional land from Mexico for $10 million to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad. |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | (1854) Proposed issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska, revoking 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglass in effort to bring Nebraska into Union and pave the way for northern transcontinental railroad. |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | (1852): Harriet Beecher Stowe’s widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict. |
| The Impending Crisis of the South (book) | (1857): Antislavery tract, written by white Southerner Hinton R. Helper, arguing that nonslaveholding whites actually suffered most in a slave economy. |
| New England Emigrant Aid Company | (founded 1854): Organization created to facilitate the migration of free laborers to Kansas in order to prevent the establishment of slavery in the territory. |
| Lecompton Constitution | (1857) Proposed Kansas constitution, whose ratification was unfairly rigged so as to guarantee slavery in the territory. Initially ratified by proslavery forces, was later voted down when Congress required the entire constitution be put up for a vote. |
| Bleeding Kansas | (1856–1861): Civil war in Kansas over the issue of slavery in the territory, fought intermittently until 1861, when it merged with the wider national Civil War |
| Dred Scott v. Stanford | (1857): Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection to slav ery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. Also declared that slaves, as property, were not citizens of the United States. |
| Panic of 1857 | Financial crash brought on by gold-fueled inflation, overspeculation, and excess grain production. Raised calls in the North for higher tariffs and for free homesteads on western public lands. |
| Tariff of 1857 | Lowered duties on imports in response to a high Treasury surplus and pressure from Southern farmers. |
| Lincoln-Douglas Debates | (1858): Series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglass during the U.S. Senate race in Illinois. Douglass won the election but Lincoln gained national prominence and emerged as the leading candidate for the 1860 Republican nomination. |
| Freeport Question | (1858): Raised during one of the Lincoln- Douglas debates by Abraham Lincoln, who asked whether the Court or the people should decide the future of slavery in the territories. |
| Freeport Doctrine | (1858) Declared that since slavery couldn't exist without laws to protect it, territorial legislatures, not Supreme Court, would have final say on the slavery question. First argued by Stephen Douglass in response to Abraham Lincoln’s “Freeport Question”. |
| Harpers Ferry | Federal arsenal in Virginia seized by abolitionist John Brown in 1859. Though Brown was later captured and executed, his raid alarmed Southerners who believed that Northerners shared in Brown’s extremism. |
| Constitutinal Union Party | (1860): Formed by moderate Whigs and Know-Nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis |
| Confederate States of America | (1861–1865): Government established after seven Southern states seceded from the Union. Later joined by four more states from the Upper South |
| Crittenden Amendments | (1860): Proposed in an attempt to appease the South, the failed Constitutional amendments would have given federal protection for slavery in all territories south of 36°30’ where slavery was supported by popular sovereignty |
| Fort Sumter | South Carolina location where Confederate forces fired the first shots of the Civil War in April of 1861, after Union forces attempted to provision the fort. |
| Border States | 5 slave states-Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia—that did not secede during the Civil War. To keep the states in the Union, Abraham Lincoln insisted that the war was not about abolishing slavery but rather protecting the Union |
| West Virginia | (admitted to Union 1863) Mountainous region that broke away from VA in 1861 to form its own state after VA seceded from the Union. Most of its residents were independent farmers and miners who did not own slaves and thus opposed the Confederate cause |
| Trent Affair | (1861): Diplomatic row that threatened to bring the British into the Civil War on the side of the Confederacy, after a Union warship stopped a British steamer and arrested two Confederate diplomats on board. |
| The Alabama | (1862–1864): British-built and manned Confederate warship that raided Union shipping during the Civil War. One of many built by the British for the Confederacy, despite Union protests. |
| Laird Rams | (1863): Two well-armed ironclad warships constructed for the Confederacy by a British firm. Seeking to avoid war with the United States, the British government purchased the two ships for its Royal Navy instead. |
| Dominion of Canada | (established 1867): Unified Canadian government created by Britain to bolster Canadians against potential attacks or overtures from the United States. |
| Writ of Habeas Corpus | Petition requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary state action. Suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War |
| New York Draft Riots | (1863): Uprising, mostly of working-class Irish- Americans, in protest of the draft. Rioters were particularly incensed by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemptions. |
| Morrill Tariff Act | (1861): Increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War. |
| Greenbacks | Paper currency issued by the Union Treasury during the Civil War. Inadequately supported by gold, Greenbacks fluctuated in value throughout the war, reaching a low of 39 cents on the dollar. |
| National Banking System | (1863): Network of member banks that could issue currency against purchased government bonds. Created during the Civil War to establish a stable national currency and stimulate the sale of war bonds. |
| Homestead Act | (1862) Federal law which settlers 160 acres for $30 if they lived on it for 5 yrs and improved it (ex. building a house). Made land accessible to westward-moving settlers, but many were angry when land was infertile or speculators took the best land. |
| US Sanitary Commission | (est. 1861) Founded with Elizabeth Blackwell, govt agency trained nurses, collected medical supplies, equipped hospitals to help Union. Commission professionalize nursing and gave women confidence and organizational skills to propel movements in postwar |
| Battle of Bull Run | (July 1861): First major battle of the Civil War and a victory for the South, it dispelled Northern illusions of swift victory |
| Peninsula Campaign | (1862): Union General George B. McClellan’s failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate Capital. Had McClellan taken Richmond and toppled the Confederacy, slavery would have most likely survived in the South for some time. |
| Merrimack | (1862): Confederate and Union ironclads, respectively, whose successes against wooden ships signaled an end to wooden warships. They fought an historic, though inconsequential battle in 1862. (same def. as monitor) |
| Monitor | (1862): Confederate and Union ironclads, respectively, whose successes against wooden ships signaled an end to wooden warships. They fought an historic, though inconsequential battle in 1862. (same def. as merrimack) |
| Second Battle of Bull Run | (August 1862): Civil War battle that ended in a decisive victory for Confederate General Robert E. Lee, who was emboldened to push further into the North. |
| Battle of Antietam | (September 1862): Landmark battle in the Civil War that essentially ended in a draw but demonstrated the prowess of the Union army, forestalling foreign intervention and giving Lincoln the “victory” he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. |
| Emancipation Proclamation | (1863) Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States. The Proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines. |
| Thirteenth Amendment | (1865): Constitutional amendment prohibiting all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude. Former Confederate States were required to ratify the amendment prior to gaining reentry into the Union. |
| Battle of Fredericksburg | (December 1862): Decisive victory in Virginia for Confederate Robert E. Lee, who successfully repelled a Union attack on his lines. |
| Battle of Gettysburg | (July 1863): Civil War battle in Pennsylvania that ended in Union victory, spelling doom for the Confederacy, which never again managed to invade the North. Site of General George Pickett’s daring but doomed charge on the Northern lines. |
| Gettysburg Address | (1863): Abraham Lincoln’s oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty. |
| Battle of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson | (February 1862): Key victory for Union General Ulysses S. Grant, it secured the North’s hold on Kentucky and paved the way for Grant’s attacks deeper into Tennessee. |
| Battle of Shiloh | (April 1862): Bloody Civil War battle on the Tennessee-Mississippi border that resulted in the deaths of more than 23,000 soldiers and ended in a marginal Union victory. |
| Siege of Vicksburg | (1863): Two-and-a-half-month siege of a Confederate fort on the Mississippi River in Tennessee. Vicksburg finally fell to Ulysses S. Grant in July of 1863, giving the Union Army control of the Mississippi River and splitting the South in two. |
| Sherman's March | (1864–1865): Union General William Tecumseh Sherman’s destructive march through Georgia. An early instance of “total war,” purposely targeting infrastructure and civilian property to diminish morale and undercut the Confederate war effort. |
| Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War | (1861–1865): Established by Congress during the Civil War to oversee military affairs. Largely under the control of Radical Republicans, the committee agitated for a more vigorous war effort and actively pressed Lincoln on the issue of emancipation. |
| Copperheads | Northern Democrats who obstructed the war effort attacking Abraham Lincoln, the draft and, after 1863, emancipation |
| The Man Without a Country | 1863): Edward Everett Hale’s fictional account of a treasonous soldier’s journeys in exile. The book was widely read in the North, inspiring greater devotion to the Union. |
| Union Party | (1864): A coalition party of pro-war Democrats and Republicans formed during the 1864 election to defeat anti-war Northern Democrats. |
| Wilderness Campaign | (1864–1865): A series of brutal clashes between Ulysses S. Grant’s and Robert E. Lee’s armies in Virginia, leading up to Grant’s capture of Richmond in April of 1865. Having lost Richmond, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse. |
| Appomattox | Site where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865 after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the “Wilderness Campaign.” |
| Reform Bill of 1867 | Granted suffrage to all male British citizens, dramatically expanding the electorate. The success of the American democratic experiment, reinforced by the Union victory in the Civil War, was used as one of the arguments in favor of the Bill. |
| Freedmen's Bureau | (1865–1872): Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators. |
| "10 percent" Reconstruction Plan | (1863): Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation. |
| Wade-Davis Bill | Passed by Republican in response to Lincoln’s 10 percent plan, required 50% of a state’s voters pledge allegiance to Union, set safeguards for emancipation. Show divisions between Congress/President, and radical/moderate Republicans, over South treatment |
| Black Codes | (1865–1866): Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Northerners’ criticisms of President Andrew Johnson’s lenient Reconstruction policies |
| Pacific Railroad Act | (1862): Helped fund the construction of the Union Pacific transcontinental railroad with the use of land grants and government bonds. |
| Civil Rights Bill | (1866): Passed over Andrew Johnson’s veto, the bill aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive blacks of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property. |
| Fourteenth Amendment | (ratified 1868): Constitutional amendment that extended civil rights to freedmen and prohibited States from taking away such rights without due process. |
| Reconstruction Act | (1867) Passed by Republican Congress, divided South into 5 military districts, collapsed former confederates, required that Southern states ratify the 14th Amendment and write state constitutions guaranteeing freedmen franchise before rejoining Union |
| Fifteenth Amendment | (ratified 1870): Prohibited states from denying citizens the franchise on account of race. It disappointed feminists who wanted the Amendment to include guarantees for women’s suffrage. |
| Ex Parte Milligan | (1866): Civil War Era case in which the Supreme Court ruled that military tribunals could not be used to try civilians if civil courts were open. |
| Redeemers | Southern Democratic politicians who sought to wrest control from Republican regimes in the South after Reconstruction. |
| Woman's Loyal League | (1863–1865): Women’s organization formed to help bring about an end to the Civil War and encourage Congress to pass a constitutional amendment to prohibiting slavery |
| Union League | Reconstruction-Era African American league- educated South blacks about civic life, build schools/churches, represent interests before govt and employers. Campaigned on behalf of Republicans; recruited local militias to protect from white intimidation. |
| Scalawags | Derogatory term for pro-Union Southerners whom Southern Democrats accused of plundering the resources of the South in collusion with Republican governments after the Civil War. |
| Carpetbaggers | Term used by Southern whites to describe Northern businessmen and politicians who came to the South after the Civil War to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in Southern infrastructure |
| Ku Klux Klan | Extremist society (mid-19 century) revived during 20, anti-foreign-black-Jew-Communist-evolutionist-bootlegger, but pro-Anglo-Saxon-Protestant; attack South freedmen/sympathetic whites after Civil War 1890s-violence/legislation disenfranchised most black |
| Force Acts | (1870–1871): Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts. |
| Tenure of Office Act | (1867) Required President to seek approval from Senate before removing appointees. When Andrew Johnson removed his secretary of war in violation of act, he was impeached by house but remained in office when the Senate fell one vote short of removing him. |
| Seward's Folly | (1867): Popular term for Secretary of State William Seward’s purchase of Alaska from Russia. The derisive term reflected the anti-expansionist sentiments of most Americans immediately after the Civil War. |
Created by:
elawrence27
Popular U.S. History sets