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Miscellaneous US His
Amendments, Documents, Landmark Cases and Founding Principles
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Liberty | freedom of choice |
| Egalitarianism | the belief that all people should have equal political |
| Individualism | a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control. |
| Populism | the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite |
| Laissez-faire | Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs. |
| E Pluribus Unum | out of many |
| In God We Trust | A phrase that Congress made mandatory on all American currency in 1954 |
| Declaration of Independence | Signed in 1776 |
| it declared the United States as a free state | separate from Great Britain. |
| U.S. Constitution | A document that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed; supreme law of the land. |
| Bill of Rights | The first ten amendments to the Constitution |
| Amendment | A change or addition to a document |
| 1st Amendment | Freedom of Religion |
| 2nd Amendment | Right to keep and bear arms (Bill of Rights) |
| 4th Amendment | Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures (Bill of Rights) |
| 5th Amendment | The right to remain silent |
| 6th Amendment | The right to a speedy trial by jury |
| 7th Amendment | Right to a trial by jury in civil cases (Bill of Rights) |
| 8th Amendment | No cruel or unusual punishment (Bill of Rights) |
| 10th Amendment | Powers not given to federal government go to people and states (Bill of Rights) |
| 13th Amendment | Abolishes and prohibits slavery (Reconstruction Amendment) |
| 14th Amendment | Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws (Reconstruction Amendment) |
| 15th Amendment | Granted the right to vote to men regardless of race or having previously been enslaved (Reconstruction Amendment) |
| 16th Amendment | Established a federal income tax; allowed the government to reduce tariffs and reintroduce competition into the American economy that had been taken over by monopolies (Progressive Era Amendment) |
| 17th Amendment | Senators would no longer be elected by state legislatures but rather by popular vote (Progressive Era Amendment) |
| 18th Amendment | Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages |
| 19th Amendment | Granted the right to vote to all American citizens, allowed women to vote (Progressive Era Amendment) |
| 22nd Amendment | Limits the president to two terms and half of his or her predecessor's term; passed after Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected four times in a row. |
| 24th Amendment | Abolished the use of poll taxes, passed in response to the Civil Rights Movement and enforced by the Voting Rights Act of 1965. |
| 26th Amendment | Lowers the voting age to 18, passed after people protested being drafted at 18 for the Vietnam War when they were not able to vote until age 21 |
| Sweatt v. Painter (1950) | U.S. Supreme Court case that involved a black man who was refused admission to the University of Texas School of Law. Segregated law school in TX was held to be an illegal violation of civil rights |
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal." |
| Hernandez v. Texas (1954) | A Supreme Court decision that extended protection against discrimination to Hispanics, the decision said that it was unconstitutional to keep Mexican Americans off of juries |
| Students in an Iowa school were suspended for wearing black armbands to protest the Vietnam war. Ruled that this suspension was unconstitutional | |
| Wisconsin v. Yoder | Amish people refused to send their children to school past the 8th grade when the state required public schooling for all children until age 16. Result: This law is in conflict with the Free Exercise clause. |
| People are the source of any and all governmental power |
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