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period 8 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Soviet Union | communist nation formed after the Russian Revolution rival of the United States during the Cold War |
| Security Council | powerful body of the United Nations responsible for maintaining international peace |
| Satellite States | eastern European countries controlled by the Soviet Union after World War II |
| Iron Curtain | division separating communist Eastern Europe from democratic Western Europe |
| George F Kennan | diplomat who proposed the policy of containment to stop communism |
| Containment Policy | US strategy to prevent the spread of communism |
| Truman Doctrine | US promise to support nations resisting communism especially Greece and Turkey |
| George C Marshall | secretary of state who proposed economic aid to rebuild Europe |
| Marshall Plan | US program providing aid to rebuild European economies after World War II |
| Berlin Airlift | US and allied effort to supply West Berlin by air during Soviet blockade |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO | military alliance of Western nations formed to resist Soviet aggression |
| Warsaw Pact | military alliance of communist nations led by the Soviet Union |
| National Security Act | law creating the Department of Defense CIA and National Security Council |
| Douglas MacArthur Japan | US general who oversaw occupation and rebuilding of Japan after World War II |
| Mao Zedong | communist leader who established the Peoples Republic of China |
| Korean War | conflict between communist North Korea and democratic South Korea involving the US and UN |
| 38th Parallel | line dividing North and South Korea |
| Stalemate | situation where neither side in a conflict can gain advantage |
| Brinkmanship | Cold War policy of pushing conflicts to the edge of nuclear war |
| Spirit of Geneva | brief period of easing Cold War tensions after a 1955 summit |
| Nikita Khrushchev | Soviet leader during early Cold War known for confrontation with the US |
| Sputnik | first artificial satellite launched by the Soviet Union starting the space race |
| National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA | US agency responsible for space exploration |
| U 2 Incident | crisis after a US spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union |
| Cuba | Caribbean nation that became communist under Fidel Castro |
| Fidel Castro | communist leader of Cuba after overthrowing the Cuban government |
| military industrial complex | close relationship between the military and defense industries |
| Berlin Wall | barrier built by East Germany to stop people from fleeing to West Berlin |
| Bay of Pigs | failed US backed invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | confrontation between the US and Soviet Union over missiles in Cuba |
| Nuclear Test Ban Treaty | agreement banning nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere space and underwater |
| John F Kennedy | president during the Cuban Missile Crisis and early civil rights movement |
| Lyndon B Johnson | president who passed Great Society reforms and expanded the Vietnam War |
| Non Proliferation Treaty | agreement to prevent spread of nuclear weapons |
| Henry Kissinger | diplomat who helped guide US foreign policy and détente |
| Detente | policy of easing tensions between the US and Soviet Union |
| Strategic Arms Limitations Talks SALT I | treaty limiting certain nuclear weapons between the US and Soviet Union |
| Soviet Afghan War | conflict where the Soviet Union fought in Afghanistan against resistance fighters |
| McCarran Internal Security Act | law requiring communist organizations to register with the government |
| House Un American Activities Committee HUAC | congressional committee investigating suspected communist influence |
| Alger Hiss | government official accused of spying for the Soviet Union |
| Julius Rosenberg | American convicted of passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union |
| Joseph R McCarthy | senator who led anti communist investigations |
| McCarthyism | practice of making accusations of communism without evidence |
| Second Red Scare | period of fear of communist influence in the United States |
| Servicemens Readjustment Act or GI Bill of Rights | law providing education housing and job benefits to returning veterans |
| Baby Boom | large increase in births in the United States after World War II |
| Levittown | mass produced suburban housing development for middle class families |
| Sun Belt | southern and western region of the US that grew rapidly after World War II |
| 22nd Amendment | amendment limiting presidents to two terms |
| Fair Deal | Truman program expanding New Deal reforms and social programs |
| Dwight D Eisenhower | president and former general who led the US during the 1950s |
| Interstate Highway Act | law creating a national highway system |
| New Frontier | Kennedys program promoting economic growth and social reform |
| Great Society | Johnson program aimed at ending poverty and racial injustice |
| New Federalism | policy returning some power from the federal government to states |
| Richard Nixon | president who pursued détente and resigned after Watergate |
| Stagflation | combination of high inflation and high unemployment |
| Rock and roll | music style popular in the 1950s symbolizing youth culture |
| Beatniks | writers and artists rejecting traditional values in the 1950s |
| Kennedy Assassination | killing of President John F Kennedy in 1963 |
| Warren Commission | group investigating the assassination of Kennedy |
| Committee on Civil Rights | presidential committee recommending civil rights reforms |
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP | organization fighting for African American civil rights |
| Jackie Robinson | first African American to play in modern major league baseball |
| Brown v Board of Education | Supreme Court case ending school segregation |
| Thurgood Marshall | NAACP lawyer who argued Brown v Board and later became Supreme Court justice |
| Earl Warren | chief justice who led Supreme Court decisions expanding civil rights |
| desegregation | ending separation of races in public facilities |
| Little Rock Nine | nine African American students integrating a high school in Arkansas |
| Rosa Parks | civil rights activist whose arrest sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | protest against segregated buses led by Martin Luther King Jr |
| Emmitt Till | African American teenager murdered in Mississippi sparking outrage |
| Martin Luther King Jr | civil rights leader advocating nonviolent protest |
| Southern Christian Leadership Conference SCLC | civil rights organization led by Martin Luther King Jr |
| Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee SNCC | group of young activists promoting nonviolent protests |
| Covert action | secret operations by a government to influence events abroad |
| Suez Canal | important waterway in Egypt that became center of an international crisis |
| Eisenhower Doctrine | policy promising US support to Middle Eastern nations resisting communism |
| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC | group of oil producing nations controlling oil supply and prices |
| Yom Kippur War | 1973 conflict between Israel and Arab nations |
| Oil Embargo | OPEC decision to stop selling oil to nations supporting Israel |
| Camp David Accords | peace agreement between Egypt and Israel brokered by the US |
| Iran Hostage Crisis | seizure of American diplomats in Iran in 1979 |
| The Peace Corps | volunteer program sending Americans abroad to provide assistance |
| Panama Canal | strategic waterway later returned to Panama by treaty |
| Vietnam War | conflict between communist North Vietnam and South Vietnam involving the US |
| Domino theory | belief that if one nation became communist nearby nations would follow |
| Tonkin Gulf Resolution | law giving the president authority to expand the Vietnam War |
| Credibility gap | public distrust of government statements about the war |
| Hawks vs Doves | debate between supporters and opponents of the Vietnam War |
| Tet Offensive | major surprise attack by North Vietnamese forces in 1968 |
| Vietnamization | policy of transferring combat responsibility to South Vietnamese forces |
| Kent State Massacre | killing of student protesters by National Guard troops in Ohio |
| My Lai Massacre | killing of Vietnamese civilians by US soldiers |
| Pentagon Papers | secret documents revealing government deception about the war |
| Paris Accords | agreement intended to end US involvement in Vietnam |
| War Powers Act | law limiting the presidents ability to commit troops without congressional approval |
| Fall of Saigon | capture of South Vietnamese capital ending the Vietnam War |
| Ho Chi Minh | communist leader of North Vietnam |
| Viet Cong | communist guerrilla fighters in South Vietnam |
| War on Poverty | Johnson program aimed at reducing poverty in the US |
| Department of Transportation DOT | federal agency overseeing national transportation systems |
| Department of Housing and Urban Development HUD | agency promoting housing and urban development |
| Ralph Nader | consumer advocate who criticized unsafe products and corporations |
| Silent Spring Rachel Carson | book warning about environmental damage from pesticides |
| Immigration Act of 1965 | law ending national origin quotas and expanding immigration |
| James Meredith | first African American student admitted to the University of Mississippi |
| George Wallace | Alabama governor who supported segregation |
| Letter from Birmingham Jail | Martin Luther King Jr defense of civil disobedience against unjust laws |
| March on Washington | 1963 civil rights demonstration in Washington DC |
| I Have a Dream Speech | speech by Martin Luther King Jr calling for racial equality |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | law banning discrimination in public places and employment |
| 24th Amendment | amendment banning poll taxes in federal elections |
| Freedom Riders | activists who challenged segregated bus travel in the South |
| March to Montgomery | voting rights march from Selma to Montgomery Alabama |
| Malcolm X | civil rights leader who promoted Black empowerment |
| Black Panthers | group advocating self defense and community programs |
| Stokely Carmichael | civil rights leader promoting Black Power |
| Watts Riot | violent uprising in Los Angeles over racial tensions |
| The Feminine Mystique Betty Friedan | book criticizing limits placed on women in society |
| National Organization for Women NOW | group advocating for womens equality |
| Title IX | law banning sex discrimination in education programs receiving federal funding |
| Equal Rights Amendment ERA | proposed amendment guaranteeing equal rights regardless of sex |
| Cesar Chavez | labor leader who organized farmworkers for better conditions |
| American Indian Movement AIM | organization fighting for Native American rights |
| Indian Self Determination Act of 1975 | law giving tribes greater control over their affairs |
| Gideon v Wainwright | Supreme Court case guaranteeing legal counsel for defendants |
| Miranda v Arizona | Supreme Court case requiring police to inform suspects of their rights |
| Baker v Carr | Supreme Court case establishing one person one vote in redistricting |
| Yates v United States | Supreme Court case limiting prosecution of political beliefs |
| The New Left | student movement advocating social change and opposing the Vietnam War |
| Counterculture | youth movement rejecting traditional values in the 1960s |
| Woodstock | famous 1969 music festival symbolizing counterculture |
| Sexual Revolution | shift toward more open attitudes about sexuality |
| Environmental Protection Agency EPA | federal agency protecting the environment |
| Clean Air Act | law regulating air pollution |
| Southern Strategy | political approach appealing to white southern voters |
| Watergate Scandal | political scandal involving break in and cover up leading to Nixons resignation |
| impeachment | formal process of charging a government official with misconduct |
| Gerald R Ford | president who succeeded Nixon and pardoned him |
| National malaise | feeling of national discouragement during economic and political troubles |
| Roe v Wade | Supreme Court case legalizing abortion nationwide |
| Televangelists | religious leaders who preach through television broadcasts |
| Moral Majority | conservative political organization promoting traditional values |
| Think Tank | organization conducting research to influence public policy |
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