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T2 Theory Pt 2
Marxism and Feminism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| According to Marx what is Economic Determinism? | The economy, the production of material goods, determines societies institutions, norms, values and social groups |
| What is an evaluation of Economic Determinism? | Interactionism: The economy does not explain why society is the way it is, the interactions between individuals do |
| According to Marx, what are the Means of Production? | Institutions providing material goods and services, the bourgeoisie are controlling society due to owning the means of production |
| What is an evaluation of the Means of Production? | Neo Marxists: The bourgeoisie control society through the hegemony, not the means of production |
| According to Marx, what are the Harmful affects of Capitalism? | The proletariat are harmed by the capitalist society the bourgeoisie maintain. Capitalism exploits, alienates and immiserates the working class |
| What is an evaluation of the Harmful affects of Capitalism? | Different levels of wealth is needed to ensure competition raises standards |
| According to Marx, what is False Class Consciousness? | The proletariat mistakenly believe the inequality in society is fair, natural and unchangeable |
| What is an evaluation of False Class Consciousness? | New media means that people are no longer blind to inequality and actively speak out against it |
| According to Marx, what is Revolution? | The proletariat need to violently, forcibly take control of the means of production and replace the bourgeoise |
| What is an evaluation of Revolution? | Functionalists: Society benefits everyone and should not be changed |
| According to Marx, what is Communism? | The means of production are owned by the state, not private individuals. Material wealth that cannot be used by one person, cannot be owned privately by one individual |
| What is an evaluation of Communism? | Communism often becomes a dictatorship - USSR |
| Why does Gramsci, Reject Economic Determinism? | Economy does not determine groups, institutions, norms and values of society. The bourgeoisie do not control society just because they own the means of production |
| What is an evaluation of Rejecting Economic Determinism? | Interactionism: Increased diversity and choice in society means not everyone will stay in their social class, and not everyone in a social class have the same norms and values, therefore not everyone will be affected by the hegemony the same way |
| According to Gramsci, what is the Superstructure? | The non economic institutions of society. Marx argued these were just used to ensure the bourgeoisie maintained ownership of the means of production. Gramsci argued the superstructure was more important than the economy in determining society |
| What is an evaluation of the Superstructure? | Late Modernism: Too deterministic, ignores freewill and differences between individuals in groups, superstructure cannot affect people as they have free will |
| According to Gramsci, what is the Counter Hegemony? | The working class need their own norms and values distinct from the bourgeoisie. They will never be able to revolt until the hegemony of the bourgeoisie is rejected |
| What is an evaluation of Counter Hegemony? | Althusser: Critical of Counter Hegemony |
| According to Gramsci, what are Organic Intellectuals? | Individual working class intellectuals who could articulate the problems of capitalism and inspire the working class with new ideas |
| What is an evaluation of Organic Intellectuals? | Althusser: Critical of Organic Intellectuals |
| According to Gramsci, what is Consent and Coercion? | Gramsci argued the ruling class have difficult time controlling society. Coercion: Physically enforce rule. Consent: Persuade the masses that ruling class ideology is normal |
| What is an evaluation of Consent and Coercion? | Feminism: The true conflict in society isn't between the classes, it is the unfair structural differences between men and women |
| According to Gramsci, what is Hegemonic Control? | The dominant ideas, values and norms that people consider common sense, accepted by all of society. The bourgeoisie control the dominant values to benefit themselves and harm the proletariat |
| What is an evaluation of Hegemonic Control? | Assumes people are passive and do not have critical thinking that allows them to realise they are being controlled by the hegemony |
| Why was Althusser critical of Economic Determinism? | He suggests that other institutions and social groups are not simply shaped by the economy, their are other factors involved |
| Why was Althusser critical of Marx's view of the Superstructure? | Other, non economic institutions are just as important and can have just as much affect on society as the economy. It shouldn't be thought of as society being made up of the economy/everything else |
| Why was Althusser Critical of the Counter Hegemony and Organic Intellectuals? | Individual proletariat interactions will never be enough to change the working class ideas whilst the bourgeoisie control the institutions that influenced the ideology of society (Ideological State Apparatus) |
| According to Althusser, what is the Repressive State Apparatus? | The institutions physically force people to behave |
| According to Althusser, what is the Ideological State Apparatus? | Non government institutions which teach people to accept capitalism and ruling class ideology. Used to be education, Althusser believes it is now education |
| What is the Dictatorship of the Proletariat? | A violent, non democratic movement of workers needed to seize control of the means of production from the bourgeoisie |
| Why was Althusser critical of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat? | Often became a full dictatorship of a small number of political, power hungry, former proletariat |
| How did Popper criticise Marxism? | Marxism is unfalsifiable: Predictions made by Marxism turn out to be false, but Marxism doesn't adapt to their errors and change their view |
| According to Mary Wollestonecraft, what is Patriarchy? | A hierarchical system where men have more power, authority and status than women. Men then use their control to ensure society benefits the majority of men, and harms the majority of women |
| According to Mary Wollestonecraft, what is Oppression? | Restricting women's freedom and coercing them into having limited and disadvantageous options. Sexism and misogyny ensures that women are expected to take on roles that are dull, repetitive, poorly paid and unrewarding |
| How did Mary Wollestonecraft believe Equality could be Acheived? | Better education for women and girls |
| What is Simone De Beauvoir's Theory on Sex, Gender and Socialisation? | The main differences in gender are not innate, they are a construct taught by society. Men control the constructs of gender, ensuring that women are socialised into being passive, objectified, ignored, ornamental and feminine |
| According to Simone De Beauvoir, how are Women and Girls Socialised into conforming to Gender Constructs? | Manipulation, Verbal Appellations, Canalisation |
| According to the Liberal Feminist, Oakley, what is Malestream Sociology? | Sociologists focus on topics men find important and interesting, whilst ignoring women's issues, despite women taking up the majority of sociology students |
| According to the Liberal Feminist, Oakley, how has Policy benefited Women? | Policy change has improved women's lives and experiences, encouraging choice, equality and independence. Policy can be used to prevent individual sexist men from acting in a sexist way, or spreading oppressive norms and values |
| What are some Policies that have Improved the Lives of Women? | Divorce Reform Act 1969, Equal Pay Act 1970, Child Support Agency 1993, etc |
| What does the Marxist Feminist, Margaret Benston, believe about Capitalism and the Patriarchy? | The power, status and authority of men is caused by capitalism. Private ownership gives men power over women, whilst private ownership exists, patriarchy will exist |
| According to the Marxist Feminist, Margaret Benston, what is the Reserve Labour Army? | The bourgeoisie encourage women to be largely economically inactive. This motivates male and female workers o labour for low wages, as they know they can be replaced by an army of workers who will also work for low wages |
| What does the Marxist Feminist, Margaret Benston, mean by Takers of Shit? | Women are encouraged to be passive, to provide a safety valve for working class men, who need a way to release their rage at capitalism to prevent revolution against the bourgeoisie |
| What does the Radical Feminist, Germaine Greer, say about Masculinity and Gender? | The patriarchy is sustained through the concepts of masculinity and femininity. Some argue that society needs to abandon gender roles and become androgynous or embrace superior feminine qualities |
| What does the Radical Feminist, Germaine Greer, say about Separatism and Political Lesbianism? | Oppression for women can only be avoided by women removing themselves from oppressive heterosexual relationships. Separatism from men gives women the chance to discover the strength of being feminine and controlling their sexuality |
| What is the Interactionist evaluation of Feminism? | Too deterministic, ignores free will and differences between individuals within groups |
| What is the Late Modern evaluation of Feminism? | Increased diversity and choice in society means not everyone will follow specific gender roles and not everyone of the same gender will have the same norms and values |
| What is the New Right evaluation of Feminism? | Encouraging women to have fewer children and focus on the careers has worsened society: LPFs, stressed women, divorce, absentee fathers, etc |
| What is the Post Modern evaluation of Feminism? | No objective real gender differences anymore, gender has become a choice for most in society. Cannot be certain what gender even means or is |
| What is the Functionalist evaluation of Feminism? | Exaggerates the negatives in society, the majority of society benefits everyone |
| What is the Late Modern evaluation of Feminism? | The true conflict in society is the unfair structural differences between the rich and poor, not men and women |
| What is the Liberal Feminist evaluation of Marxist/Radical Feminism? | Policy has allowed women to gain some equality with men, more independence and gain better careers |
| What is the debate between Marxist and Radical Feminism? | What radical change is needed? Is it the eradication of the mother-father dynamics and gender norms, or the eradication of capitalism |
| What is the Black Feminist evaluation of Feminism? | Ignores ethnic differences in women's experiences |
| What is the Marxist/Radical Feminist evaluation of Liberal Feminism? | Policy will not solve patriarchy: Small political changes will do nothing whilst societies norms and values remain |
Created by:
Skyelark
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