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World War I
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Great War | The alternate name for World War I |
| Militarism | Building up armies and navies in a competition to be the strongest nation |
| Powder Keg | The term used to describe the state of Europe before World War I: ready to explode with one spark |
| Alliance | An agreement to support one another in case of conflict |
| Allied Powers | Great Britain, France, Russia, the United States (also called the Triple Entente) |
| Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (also called the Triple Alliance) |
| Imperialism | Nations competing to expand their empires to gain more land, resources, and power. |
| Nationalism | Intense pride in one’s country or ethnic group |
| MAIN | Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism (the four main causes leading to World War I) |
| Domino Effect | The idea that the first “domino” to fall, the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, led to a series of events that ended with almost all of the major European powers at war. |
| Franz Ferdinand | Archduke of Austria-Hungary, assassinated by Serbian nationalist, led to World War I |
| Gavrilo Princip | Member of Serbian nationalist group that assassinated Franz Ferdinand |
| Black Hand | Serbian nationalist terrorist society |
| Neutrality/Neutral | Not taking a position in a conflict |
| Propaganda | Information, especially biased or misleading in nature, used to promote a particular political cause or point of view |
| No-man's Land | The area of land between the trenches, averaging 250 yards long |
| Trench Warfare | The style of fighting used during World War I that featured miles of trenches dug into the earth |
| Zig-zag Pattern | The design of the trenches which prevented enemy fire to "shoot straight down the trench" |
| Trenchfoot | An infection of soldiers' feet after prolonged exposure to wet and muddy trenches; symptoms included numbness, discoloration, and open sores; could lead to amputation. |
| Shell Shock | Mental breakdowns caused by the constant bombardment of life in the trenches; today, this would be known as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
| Tanks | Large metal contraptions that were designed by the British to drive over the trenches and through no-man's land, also known as landships |
| Flamethrowers | A machine designed by the Germans that sprayed a stream of burning oil that would adhere to clothes and force soldiers out of the trenches |
| Poison Gas | A type of gas that could burn soldiers' lungs, eyes, and internal organs; the two most popular used in World War I were mustard and chlorine |
| Lusitania | British passenger ship that was attacked by German submarines, killing over 1,000 people and 120 American citizens |
| U-Boats | Submarines used by Germany during their unrestricted submarine warfare; also known as "unterseeboots" (undersea boats) |
| Zimmermann Telegram | Secret message sent from Germany to Mexico that was intercepted by British officials; proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico |
| Mexico | The nation that Germany wanted to ally with in the Zimmermann Telegram |
| Victory Garden | A garden grown by citizens in their backyards so they would not rely on the food produced by farms and factories |
| War Bonds | Debt securities issued by the government; citizens purchased bonds from the U.S. government to fund the war and could sell them back with interest afterward |
| Draft | The forced conscription of able-bodied and of age men into military service |
| Enlistment | The process of choosing to sign up for the military |
| Stalemate | A situation where no one can win/no one can do anything to progress |
| Western Front | The battleground between Germany and France |
| ACES | Pilots who shot down enemy planes |
| Woodrow Wilson | President of the United States during World War I |
| Convoy | A group traveling together, often for safety |
| AEF (American Expeditionary Forces) | The group of American soldiers sent to Europe |
| Espionage | Spying |
| Espionage Act (1917) | Targeted toward potential spies that made it illegal to interfere with government operations during wartime, specifically the military and the draft |
| Sedition Act (1918) | Made it illegal to express negative thoughts (verbally or written) about the government or its actions during wartime |
| Eugene V. Debs | Socialist politician who spoke out against the war and was imprisoned |
| Charles Schenck | Anti-war socialist who distributed pamphlets criticizing the war and the draft |
| Schenck v. United States | Supreme Court case that ruled that it is legal for the United States government to restrict rights during wartime |
| Fourteen Points | Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace and to prevent another major war |
| Bolshevik | A member of the Communist Party that led the Russian Revolution in 1917 |
| Communism | A political/social system where people own and control everything |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | Treaty between Russia and Germany which allowed Russia to leave the war, giving territory to Germany |
| Armistice | A temporary halt to fighting |
| Kaiser Wilhelm II | The emperor of Germany during World War I |
| Pandemic | An epidemic, or widespread disease |
| Treaty of Versailles | The treaty that ended World War I in 1919 |
| Isolationism | The policy of isolating one's country from foreign affairs |
| League of Nations | International peace-keeping organization created by Woodrow Wilson; was not approved by Congress because of the fear of being dragged into foreign conflicts |
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