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T2 Theory Pt 1
Structuralism and Functionalism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| According to Structuralist, what is Social Order? | Stable and predictable patterns of behaviour in society. Despite the fact that there are millions of people in society, people mostly act in a predictable and orderly way |
| According to Structuralists, what is Structure? | The stable relationship between groups and institutions. Different societies have different relationships between their institutions. |
| According to Structuralists, what are Social Facts? | Objectively real social aspects and forces that control, constrain and influence individuals. Examples: Norms, Institutions, Social Groups, Social Structures, etc |
| According to Structuralists, what are Institutions? | Organised groups with specific roles and purposes, made up of individuals, but transcend the individuals themselves. Institutions are able to influence the way individuals think and behave. Examples: Economy, Media, Family, Education, Religion, Government |
| According to Structuralists, what is Social Control? | The external influence on an individual from institutions and groups to behave in a normal way. Can be formal from official organisations or informal from friends and family |
| According to Structuralists, what is Socialisation? | The process of internalising and learning the culture, norms and values of the society. Carried out by 'Agents of Socialisation': Institutions wit the role of teaching individuals the culture of their society |
| According to Structuralists, what are Norms? | Rules about the correct and appropriate way to behave in different social groups and contexts |
| According to Structuralists, what are Values? | Beliefs about what is right and wrong |
| According to Structuralists, what is Identity? | How an individual sess and defines themselves based on the combination of social groups and institutions the individual belongs to |
| What is an evaluation of Identity? | Strinati - Consumer Choice and Identity: People get their identity through consumption, not society |
| How do Interactionists evaluate Structuralism? | Too Deterministic: It assumes we live in a world where people are controlled and can't make choices, individuals have free will and are unique |
| How do Post Modernists evaluate Structuralism? | Society is Uncertain: Society is now uncertain and rapidly changing all the time, with people having large amounts of free will. Therefore it is impossible to be able to make accurate predictions or statements |
| How does the Micro Approach evaluate Structuralism? | Structuralists use the Macro Approach as they believe you should study groups and institutions to understand society. Some sociologist believe you should study individuals as their interactions and experiences make society what it is |
| What is the Wider Debate between Structuralism and Interactionism? | Ignores the differences between individuals |
| What is the Wider Debate between Structuralism and Post Modernism? | Makes individuals seem to passive and it is impossible to know anything about society with certainty |
| What is the Wider Debate between Structuralism and Conflict Sociologists? | Shouldn't study society in a neutral way, should say when institutions are positive or negative for society |
| What is the Wider Debate between Structuralism and Late Modernism? | Ignores the changes and diversity in society |
| What is the Wider Debate between Structuralism and The New Right? | Society needs fixing through policy, not studying and understanding |
| Why is Functionalism considered to be 'Consensus Structuralism'? | Functionalists believe identity, norms and values are determined by social structure. It is consensus as they believe that everyone benefits from the structures, norms, values and identities of society |
| According to the Functionalist, Durkheim, what is Value Consensus? | All members of society agreeing on what is right and normal. Industrial societies achieve value consensus through a shared belief in individualism (The importance of individual rights and choice) |
| According to the Functionalist, Durkheim, what is Social Solidarity? | Everyone feeling as though they are part of and belong to society. This is achieved through Organic Solidarity (Belonging through interdependence on each other) |
| According to the Functionalist, Durkheim, why does Society need Value Consensus and Social Solidarity? | Society is only able to work together and function if all the individual people within society act the right way |
| According to the Functionalist, Parsons, what is the Organic Analogy? | Society is best understood as similar to the human body. Institutions are organs which are interdependent on each other and are all necessary to maintaining society |
| According to the Functionalist, Parsons, what are the Functionalists Prerequisites of Society? | Issues society needs to solve to survive: Adaption (A functioning Economy to provide basics), Goal Attainment (Collective goals to aspire to), Integration (A legal system to prevent conflict), Pattern Maintenance (Reaffirm the essential values) |
| According to the Functionalist, Parsons, what is Meritocracy and Hierarchy? | Society is organised with people having greater or lesser power and status to each other. Those with the greatest skills and effort have equal chance to achieve status and power, motivating them to carry out challenging roles that benefit society |
| What are Merton's Three Criticisms of Functionalism? | Not everything is necessary, not everything is interconnected, some institutions are dysfunctional |
| According to Merton, what are Latent and Manifest Functions, and how do they evaluate Functionalism? | Merton's ideas of Latent (intended and recognised) and Manifest (Unintended and unrecognised) Functions suggest that the functions of society are more complex than Parsons' suggests |
| According to Merton, how does Social Change evaluate Functionalism? | Merton was the key thinker of Strain Theory, he suggested that widespread strain helps society to adapt as goals or means of society change. Excessive social change encourages risk of deviance and rejection of the means and goals of society |
| How does Conflict Structuralism evaluate Functionalism? | Suggest there is an over emphasis on the positives and ignores the negatives in society |
| How does a Post Modernist criticise Functionalism? | Functionalism is generally seen as conservative and outdated, unaware of the increased uncertainty and individualism that is now found in society |
| How does an Interactionist criticise Functionalism? | Ignores the differences between individuals, or the way individuals experience society |
Created by:
Skyelark
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