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C3 Crime pt 2
Green and State Crime
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Primary Green Crime? | Crimes that directly harm the environment |
| What are some examples of Primary Green Crime? | Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Deforestation, Species Decline |
| What is Secondary Green Crime? | Additional crimes that are committed by those who harm the environment |
| What are some examples of Secondary Green Crime? | Crimes against Anti Green Crime Groups, Other Crimes necessary to commit Primary Green Crime (Threats, Bribery, etc) |
| Who commits Green Crime? | All members of society are able to commit green crime |
| How do Individuals commit Green Crime? | Through irresponsible personal consumer choices, though any one individuals effect is insignificant compared to other contributors to green crime |
| How do Businesses and the Government commit Green Crime? | Businesses choose to prioritise profit over costly 'environmentally friendly' practices. Governments have the ability to force businesses to not pollute the environment, but often do not to avoid conflict with businesses |
| What is an example of Businesses committing Green Crime? | Carnival Cruises caused 10 times more air pollution than all the cars in Europe combined |
| Who are Victims of Green Crime? | Does not effect everyone equally. The poor, ethnic minorities, and the working class are more likely to be affected by green crime |
| What is 'Environmental Racism'? | Green crime is often committed by developed, Global North, white societies, and harms other ethnicities in Global South countries |
| As an evaluation of Green Crime Patterns, what are Three Reasons why it is Difficult to really know who the Victims of Green Crime are? | 1. Green crime is often unrecorded, as the majority is not officially illegal. 2. People that commit green crime resign instead of being punished, so the crimes and victims stay undocumented. 3. British stats often overlook global victims of green crime |
| As an evaluation of Green Crime Patterns, what are Three Reasons why it is Difficult to know the Offenders of Green Crime? | 1. People that commit green crime resign instead of being punished, so the crimes stay undocumented. 2. The offenders use bribery/have connections, so their crimes stay secret. 3. Everyone commits green crime |
| How does Strain Theory cause Green Crime? | Societies collective goals include a leisurely consumer lifestyle, wealth and status. The distance between societies goals and an individual's ability to achieve will cause some to commit 'cost saving' green crime to achieve the goals illegitimately |
| What is an evaluation of Strain Theory in regards to Green Crime? | Post Modernism: Society is too uncertain to determine what everyone's goals are, people's goals are not all the same, so strain theory cannot explain all of green crime |
| How does the Bourgeoisie and Business Interests cause Green Crime? | Governments rarely restrict business practices, due to having the same interests as business owners. Governments will often delay enforcing green policies, and punish criminals with fines rather than prison time. Media will focus on street crime instead |
| What is an evaluation of Bourgeoisie and Business Interests causing Green Crime? | Everyone commits green crime, not just the bourgeoisie and businesses |
| How does the Capitalism is Crimeogenic Theory explain the cause of Green Crime? | The unachievable consumerism of capitalism encourages individuals to be self interested and competitive, an inevitable consequence of capitalism |
| What is an evaluation of Capitalism is Crimeogenic as a cause of Green Crime? | Does not explain green crime in non capitalist countries |
| How does a Global Risk Society cause Green Crime? | In late modern society, individuals are familiar with living in an age of constant reflection, choices and risk, and are more comfortable with the potential risk of their actions to the environment |
| What is an evaluation of Global Risk Society as a cause of Green Crime? | Structuralism vs Interactionism: Global Risk Society exaggerates the amount of choice that individuals have in today's society |
| How does an Anthropocentric World View cause Green Crime? | This view believes that humans are the most significant species on the planet, separate from the environment, and can manufacture their environment to their needs, regardless of the harm to the environment |
| What is an evaluation of Anthropocentric World View as a cause of Green Crime? | There has been a rise in an Ecocentric world view: Humans are part of the environment, therefore the environment needs protecting |
| How do Different Laws in Different Societies explain why Green Crime is Underrepresented? | Different countries have different legal interpretations of pollution, different ideas about how much smog, waste, plastic etc is pollution |
| How does Different Definitions of Green Crime across Different Societies cause Green Crime to be Underrepresented? | Many green criminologists do not use commonly understood definitions of green crime, as they think harming the environment is a crime, even if it is not illegal in that country |
| How does Difficulty in the Measurement of Green Crime cause Green Crime to be Underrepresented? | Companies, individuals and governments often do not officially record and publish how much green crime they commit |
| How does Transgressive Criminology aim to fix the problem of the Underrepresentation of Green Crime? | A branch of criminology that suggests changing the definition of crime to include harm to the environment, regardless as to whether the environmentally harmful behaviour is illegal or not |
| What is State Crime? | Illegal activities, committed or allowed by government institutions by using the powers they have |
| What are some examples of State Entities that can use their power to commit Crime? | Government, Military, Police, Judiciary, etc |
| What are some examples of State Crimes? | Torture, Assassination, Genocide, State Sponsored Terrorism |
| Why is it impossible to accuse the State of committing State Crime? | The state is the source of law and can redefine what is illegal so that it never commits a crime |
| How does Transgressive Criminologists suggest State Crime should be Defined to prevent States from constantly Rewriting the Law? | The state has committed a crime when it violates human rights |
| What are Five Reasons that State Crime is Hard to Research? | 1. Reliant on Media reports that focus on developing countries. 2. The state denies statistics and reports. 3. The state can remove funding from research. 4. The state can issue threats to researchers. 5. The data can often be harrowing and distressing |
| What are Human Rights? | Basic freedoms and expectations that an individual has because they are human, examples include: Freedom from torture, equal treatment from the law, right to privacy, freedom of expression, freedom of religion |
| What is Integrated Theory, and how does it explain why State Crime happens? | Crime is caused by the same factors that cause street crime, except states commit more extreme crimes due to greater motivation, opportunity and lack of control |
| What is an evaluation of Integrated Theory? | The Dark Figure: We can never truly know what state crime is being committed, so we cannot know how to best explain it |
| How does the theory, Crimes of Obedience, explain the Cause of State Crime? | People are socialised into doing crimes for the state due to: 1. Being told to by an authority, making them no longer responsible for their own actions, 2. Seeing the crime as routine, so are able to detach from it, 3. The victims being dehumanised |
| What is an evaluation of Crimes of Obedience? | Ethnocentric Human Rights: Western understanding of individuals rights might not apply to other cultures and values. Can we say it is wrong for another culture to go about society differently? |
| What is Techniques of Neutralisation? | The state is able to commit crime because it uses its power to relabel the crime as non criminal, through several steps |
| What are the five steps of Techniques of Neutralisation? | Denial of Victim (No one was affected), Denial of Injury (Victims affected, not harmed), Denial of Responsibility (The state did not do it), Condemn the Condemner (Other states have done the same), Appeal to Higher Loyalty (Crime was for the greater good) |
| What is an evaluation of Techniques of Neutralisation? | Cannot Study Scientifically: Sociology is unable to do controlled experiment research comparing states, so can not ever know what causes states to commit crime |
Created by:
Skyelark
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