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Soc Of Deviance (1)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Folkways | simple, everyday norms based on custom, tradition, or etiquette |
| Mores | norms based on broad societal morals whose infraction would generate more serious condemnation |
| Laws | the strongest norms because they are supported by codified social sanctions |
| Consensus View | laws emerge to embody and reflect the strong, majority sentiment of the population |
| Conflict View | laws reflect successful actions by certain groups with enough power to legislate according to their own interests |
| Five Important Ideas About Deviance | 1) deviance is socially constructed, 2) deviance can be ascribed and achieved, 3) deviance is an integral part of all societies, 4) deviance is rooted in social differentiation, 5) one theory can't explain all deviant behavior |
| Socially Constructed Definition | meaning and knowledge are socially created and are not objective realities |
| Deviance Is Socially Constructed | no act is inherently deviant // almost any behavior can be deviant at some times, in some places, and in some circumstances // social groups define what is deviant |
| Basic Principle Of Sociology | behavior occurs in a social context and cannot be understood apart from the context in which it occurs |
| Absolutist Perspective Definition | some acts are contrary to the strictures of God or the laws of nature, so deviance is thus immoral, sinful, and unnatural |
| According To The Absolutist Perspective... | there is general agreement among citizens that there is something obvious within each deviant act, belief or condition that makes it different than "normal" behavior |
| Behavioral Reasons One Can Be Considered Deviant (Achieved Deviant Status) | drug abuse, prostitution, violence, suicide, crime |
| Circumstantial Reasons One Can Be Considered Deviant (Ascribed Deviant Status) | race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, mental disorders, physical disabilities |
| A Certain Amount Of Deviance Is Inevitable And Even Necessary In Any Society | deviance defines boundaries between acceptable and unacceptable behavior, keeps people in line and maintains social order (deviance may also point the way for needed social change) |
| Order These Eras Correctly: Hunting And Gathering, Industrial, Agrarian, Horticultural | hunting and gathering, horticultural, agrarian, industrial |
| Social Factors That Explain Deviance | anomie theory, conflict theories, labeling theory, control theory, learning theory |
| Individual Factors That Explain Deviance | biological explanations, psychological explanations, rational choice |
| What Is Paradoxical (Self-Contradictory) About The Normal And The Pathological? | the difference between “normal” & “pathological” isn’t always clear // what we call “normal” is usually just what most people are like, not what's perfect/ideal // pathological states are often more extreme or less effective versions of normal functioning |
| How Deviance Is Rooted In Social Differentiation | the unequal distribution of power, wealth, and status creates different social environments and opportunities that shape behavior and its definition |
| Social Differentiation Definition | the process by which individuals and groups are distinguished, sorted, and categorized based on biological (age, sex) or sociocultural (occupation, ethnicity, education) factors |
| National Survey On Drug Use And Health (NSDUH) | began in 1971, conducted in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, almost 70,000 people are interviewed for this study each year |
| Guidelines From The National Survey On Drug Use And Health (NSDUH) | if one answered “yes” to 4 of the 7 questions asked during the interview, they are highly likely to have suffered from a major depressive episode in the past year |
| Mood (Feelings) Of Depression | blue, low spirits sad, lonely, feel your life is a failure, feel things never turn out, bothered by things that usually don’t bother you, wish you were dead |
| Malaise (Body States) Of Depression | no appetite, trouble sleeping, trouble concentrating, trouble remembering, everything is an effort, can’t get going, talk less |
| Mood (Feelings) Of Anxiety | fearful, worried, anxious, irritable, tense |
| Malaise (Body States) Of Anxiety | cold sweats, heart beats hard, fainting, dizziness, shortness of breath, trembling hands, feel hot all over |
| To Receive A Diagnosis Of Depression... | you must experience 5 or more symptoms most of the day every day during a 2-week period |
| True Or False: A Person Needs To Have A Diagnosis To Be Helped | false: a diagnosis may be handy, but it’s not necessary // we do not need to label people in order to recognize that they feel bad |
| True Or False: Psychological Problems Are Real, But They Are Not Entities (Independently Existent) | true: they are not something that is entirely present or absent, without shades in between |
| What Does CAPS Stand For? | Counseling and Psychiatric Services |
| Message From CAPS About Suicide And Depression For College Students | depression in college students can be very painful and make daily life hard // it can affect school, friendships, dating, and family relationships // it can also make it harder to think clearly, study, and feel motivated to do things |
| Since 2010, Anxiety Increased Among College Students By... | 134% |
| Since 2010, Depression Increased Among College Students By... | 106% |
| Since 2010, ADHD Increased Among College Students By... | 72% |
| Since 2010, Bipolar Increased Among College Students By... | 7% |
| Since 2010, Substance Abuse Or Addiction Increased Among College Students By... | 33% |
| Since 2010, Schizophrenia Increased Among College Students By... | 67% |
| Since 2010, Major Depression Increased Among Girls By... | 145% |
| Since 2010, Major Depression Increased Among Boys By... | 161% |
| Since 2010, Anxiety Increased Among People Ages 18-25 By... | 139% |
| Since 2010, Anxiety Increased Among People Ages 26-34 By... | 103% |
| Since 2010, Anxiety Increased Among People Ages 35-49 By... | 52% |
| Since 2010, Anxiety Increased Among People Ages 50+ By... | 8% |
| True Of False: The Television Was Adopted Faster Than Any Other Communication Technology In History | false: it was the smartphone |
| Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex | "executive functions" - plays a major part in decision-making, planning, attention, and filtering out distractions |
| The Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Finishes Developing Around... | the mid-20s |
| Four Foundational Harms | social deprivation, sleep deprivation, attention fragmentation, addiction |
| Social Deprivation's Relationship To Depression, Anxiety, And Other Disorders In Teens | teens who spend time using social media are more likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, and other disorders |
| How Much Sleep Do Preteens And Teens Need To Avoid Sleep Deprivation | teens need more sleep than adults, at least 9 hours a night for preteens and 8 hours a night for teens |
| Attention Fragmentation Effects On Teens | takes a toll on teens’ ability to think and may leave permanent marks in their rapidly reconfiguring brains |
| How Addiction Lays Down New Paths In The Brain | the repetition of small pleasures plays a big role in laying down new paths in the brain // brain circuits involved with learning release a bit of dopamine and dopamine circuits are centrally involved in wanting |
| True Or False: One In Ten Adults Worldwide Felt Lonely | false: one in five adults |
| Since 2010, The Emergency Room Visits For Self-Harm Among Girls Has Increased By... | 188% |
| Since 2010, The Emergency Room Visits For Self-Harm Among Boys Has Increased By... | 48% |
| Since 2010, Suicide Rates Among Boys Ages 10-14 Has Increased By... | 91% |
| Since 2010, Suicide Rates Among Girls Ages 10-14 Has Increased By... | 167% |
| In 2019, About 50% Of Girls And 40% Of Boy Got... | less than 7 hours of sleep |
| Mental Illness Definition | a pattern of behavior in an individual that causes stress and dysfunction |
| Who Is More Stressed?: People Of High Socioeconomic Status Or People Of Low Socioeconomic Status | people of low socioeconomic status: the higher one’s socioeconomic status (education, job, and income), the lower one’s level of distress |
| Who Is More Stressed?: Married Or Unmarried | unmarried |
| Who Is More Stressed?: Parents With Children At Home Or Parents Without Children At Home | parents with children at home |
| Who Is More Stressed?: Women Or Men | women |
| Who Is More Stressed?: People With More Undesirable Changes Or People With Less Undesirable Changes | people with more undesirable changes |
| True Or False: Middle-Aged People Are The Most Depressed | false: they are the least depressed |
| True Or False: Older People Are The Least Anxious | true |
| Dignity Rights | ensure human dignity (can be seen as “positive” rights because they are based on government action) |
| Dignity Definition (LOL) | the state or quality of being worthy of honor or respect |
| Liberty Rights | rights of personal freedom and autonomy, beyond government control (can be seen as “negative” rights because they are based on government inaction) |
| Dignity Rights Examples | personal security, work, earning a reasonable wage, an adequate standard of living, including shelter, food, clothing, health care, education |
| Liberty Rights Example | the right to hold and keep private property and to be free of government oppression |
| Erikson: Trust vs. Mistrust | infancy: developing trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection |
| Erikson: Autonomy vs. Shame And Doubt | toddler: developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence |
| Erikson: Initiative vs. Guilt | preschool: asserting control and power over the environment through directing play and other social interactions |
| Erikson: Industry vs. Inferiority | school age: coping with new social and academic demands, leading to a sense of competence or feelings of inferiority |
| Erikson: Identity vs. Role Confusion | adolescence: developing a sense of self and personal identity |
| Erikson: Intimacy vs. Isolation | young adulthood: forming intimate, loving relationships with other people |
| Erikson: Generativity vs. Stagnation | middle adulthood: creating or nurturing things that will outlast the individual, often by parenting children or contributing to positive changes that benefit other people |
| Eriskon: Integrity vs. Despair | old adulthood: reflecting on life and feeling a sense of fulfillment or regret |
| Social Construction Of Mental Illness | ideas about mental illness are not objective realities // ideas about mental illness have been made and remade, actively and creatively produced by human beings |
| Understanding Mental Illness: Medical Model | biology disturbs the normal personality |
| Understanding Mental Illness: Mental Illness As Deviance | people who do not comply with societal expectations are not "normal" |
| Understanding Mental Illness: Diagnosis As A Tool Of Repression | sacrificing individual freedom to maintain social order |
| Schizophrenia | a psychotic disorder or group of disorders, marked by severely impaired thinking, emotions, and behaviors |
| Schizoid Personality (DSM I - 1952) | characterized by “introversion, namely, quietness, seclusiveness, ‘shut-in-ness’, and unsociability, often with eccentricity" |
| Schizophrenia (DSM II - 1968) | "the patient’s attitude is frequently hostile and aggressive” and “his behavior tends to be consistent with his delusions" |
| Schizophrenia Was Seen As A "Black Disease" | ... |
| Schizophrenia (DSM III - 1980) | removed terms such as anger, hostility, or projection from the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, and removed the universal male pronouns of the DSM-II to a gender-neutral, third-person voice |
| Schizophrenia (DSM IV - 1994) | continued the trend of the DSM-III by defining schizophrenia as a disorder marked by peculiarity, altered perceptions, social isolation, or withdrawal |
| Schizophrenia (DSM V - 2013) | five terms in the diagnosis of schizophrenia: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, diminished emotional expressions |
| The Title Of The October 29th, 2021 Apology Was... | “Apology to People of Color for APA’s Role in Promoting, Perpetuating, and Failing to Challenge Racism, Racial Discrimination, and Human Hierarchy in U.S.” |
| A.P.A. Suspends Standards for Diversity (March 13, 2025) | A.P.A. voted to suspend its requirement that postgraduate programs show a commitment to diversity in recruitment and hiring |
| “Ending Illegal Discrimination and Restoring Merit-Based Opportunity” (Executive Order From January 21, 2025) | directs federal agencies to terminate all DEI (diversity, equity, and inclusion) initiatives, preferences, and training, revoking affirmative action requirements for federal contractors (EO 11246) to promote merit-based hiring |
| What The A.P.A. Is | the chief accrediting body for professional training in psychology and the only one recognized by the U.S. Department of Education (provides accreditation to around 1,300 training programs, including doctoral internships and postdoctoral residencies) |
| What Stoics Can Teach Us About Mental Health | 1) control what you can control / 2) choose your attitude / 3) want what we get / 4) combine emotion with reason / 5) live in the present / 6) take risks / 7) plan for the worst / 8) step back, get perspective / 9) review your life / 10) live your values |
| Stoic Happiness Triangle | take responsibility, live with arete, focus on what you control |
| Biological Theory Of Deviance | proposes that an individual deviates from social norms largely because of their biological makeup // the theory primarily pertains to formal deviance, using biological reasons to explain criminality, although it can extend to informal deviance |
| Formal Deviance | consists of violating codified laws, resulting in legal penalties (ex: prison, fines) enforced by institutions like police or courts |
| Informal Deviance | violates unwritten social norms and cultural rules, leading to social disapproval, stigma, or interpersonal sanctions |
| In 2005, It Was Deemed By The Supreme Court That Executing Juveniles Is... | "cruel and unusual punishment" (prohibited by the 8th amendment) |
| In 2010, I Was Deemed By The Supreme Court That Juveniles Cannot Be Sentenced To Life Without Parole For... | non-homicide offenses |
| In 2012, It Was Deemed By The Supreme Court That Mandatory Life Sentences For Juveniles, Even For Murder, Is... | "cruel and unusual punishment" (prohibited by the 8th amendment) |
| Jones vs. Mississippi (2021) | a judge does not need to make a specific, formal finding that a juvenile is "permanently incorrigible" (incapable of rehabilitation) before sentencing them to life without parole |
| Limitation To Biological Theory | does not tell us how deviance is socially constructed |
| Psychological Theory Of Deviance | crime is a symptom of a “real” problem deep within the criminal’s personality // much of adult behavior (deviant or not deviant) is based on certain instinctive drives and on early childhood reactions to parents and siblings |
| Psychologists Believe That A Set Of Personality Traits Distinguish... | deviants from nondeviants |
| Behavior Disorders Are Explained By... | analyzing the individual's unconscious mind |
| Characteristics Of An Authoritarian Personality | strong need for order and structure, highly critical of others and often find fault with them, value obedience and respect above all else, superstitious and anti-intellectual, destructive and cynical |
| Limitations To Psychological Theory | personality traits may explain individual acts of deviance, but social issues require a focus on social causes, social arrangements, and social conditions |
| Rational Choice Theory Of Deviance | a choice is made to behave a certain way, or to live a certain kind of lifestyle // a risk/reward calculation is made in which the criminal act becomes a rational choice |
| Limitations To Rational Choice Theory | deviance is not always a choice, deviant acts can be acceptable in some situations |
| Social Factors, Structural Theories | anomie theory, conflict theory, labeling theory |
| Social Factors, Process Theories | control theory, learning theory |
| Anomie Theory Of Deviance | social structures put pressure on people to engage in deviant and criminal behavior (ex: population control, one-child limit, cultural preference for boys) |
| Conformist Couples In Population Control With One-Child Limit And A Cultural Preference For Boys | couples with no preference, "ideologically sound" couples |
| Innovator Couples In Population Control With One-Child Limit And A Cultural Preference For Boys | couples abort, abandon, give female babies up for adoption |
| Ritualist Couples In Population Control With One-Child Limit And A Cultural Preference For Boys | couples who follow the rules, but do not agree with them |
| Retreatist Couples In Population Control With One-Child Limit And A Cultural Preference For Boys | couples reject control and hide unauthorized babies |
| Limitations To Anomie Theory | there is a class bias // does not explain how different times, places, and circumstances create different strains on people // does not explain why wealthy and educated people would engage in illegal economic activites |
| Conflict Theory Of Deviance | deviance stems from the economic inequalities inherent in a capitalist system // powerful groups create definitions of deviance to serve their own interests |
| Limitation To Conflict Theory | it does not focus on the process of socialization: how people learn their culture, how people develop human capacities and acquire a unique personality and identity |
| Labeling Theory Of Deviance | deviant behavior is behavior that people so label // involves primary and secondary deviance |
| Primary Deviance | causal and occasional acts that are not part of the individual's self-concept |
| Secondary Deviance | frequent acts that become part of the individual's self-concept |
| Limitation To Labeling Theory | does not account for deviant behavior that goes undetected and thus unlabeled |
| Control Theory Of Deviance | low-self control adversely affects a person's ability to accurately calculate the consequences of their actions // people with low self-control find it more difficult to resist criminality // with proper socialization, people will conform |
| Four Elements Of Social Bonding | attachment, commitment, involvement, belief |
| Attachment (As An Element Of Social Bonding) | affection, respect, socialization to group norms |
| Commitment (As An Element Of Social Bonding) | having a "greater stake" in conformity |
| Involvement (As An Element Of Social Bonding) | nondeviant, conventional activities |
| Belief (As An Element Of Social Bonding) | allegiance to dominant value system |
| Limitations To Control Theory | does not explain adult criminality very well // it does not allow for delinquency by juveniles who are properly socialized, nor does it allow for conformity by juveniles who are not properly socialized |
| Learning Theory Of Deviance | deviance is learned by interacting with other people, just like all human behavior is learned // whether behavior is deviant or conforming depends of differences (or differentials) in associations |
| Limitation Of Learning Theory | does not consider that people are perfectly capable of getting into trouble on their own |
| Kyle Rittenhouse (August 25, 2020) | he shot three men, killing two, with an AR-15 style rifle during civil unrest in Kenosha, Wisconsin. // the incident occurred during protests following the police shooting of Jacob Blake |
| Kyle Rittenhouse Sentencing | found not guilty on all charges on November 19, 2021, by a Wisconsin jury, xo no prison sentence // he was acquitted of five felony counts, including first-degree intentional homicide, after pleading self-defense in the 2020 Kenosha shootings |
| Derek Chauvin Kill George Floyd (May 25, 2020) | clerk in Minneapolis reported that Floyd had used a counterfeit 20 dollar bill to buy cigarettes // Floyd resisted the officers' attempts to get him in the back of the police car // Chauvin had his knee of the neck of George Floyd for 9 mins and 29 secs |
| Derek Chauvin Had Been Involved In 3... | police shootings during his 19 years on the police force, and has been the subject of 19 prior complaints |
| Derek Chauvin's Sentence | convicted on state murder charges (22.5 years) // plead guilty to violating Floyd's constitutional rights (21 years) // he's concurrently serving the state and federal sentences at the medium-security Federal Correctional Institution in Tucson, Arizona |
| Thomas Lane | working under Chauvin, 4th day on the police force, tried to speak up, concurrently serving 2.5 years |
| Alexander Kueng | working under Chauvin, 3rd shift as a police officer, concurrently serving 3 years |
| Tau Thao | police officer since 2012, concurrently serving 3.5 years |
| Tau Thao Previous Complaints | 6 complaints filed against him with internal affairs, 1 case was still open in June 2022, other 5 cases were closed without discipline |
| William Scott (2010) | William J. Scott, an 18-year-old freshman and student assistant at Drew University in Madison, New Jersey, was arrested by the FBI for stealing over 20 rare historical documents from the United Methodist Archives Center |
| William Scott Sentencing | 3 years probation, 300 hours of community service, paid university $7,500 in restitution |
Created by:
age47
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