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F4 Family
Demographic Change (Not including Migration)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Birth Rate? | Number of live births per 1000 of the population each year |
| What Changes have occurred in Birth Rate? | Decreased, 2020 being lowest on record |
| What was the Birth Rate in 1955 VS Birth Rate in 2020? | 1955: 15 per 1000 VS 2020: 10 per 1000 |
| What caused a Change in Birth Rates? | Easier Access to Contraception, Changing Attitudes towards Women, the need to be Geographically Mobile, Secularisation, Easier Divorce etc |
| What is Death Rate? | Number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year |
| What Changes have occurred in Death Rate? | Decreased, 2013 lowest, increase in 2020 due to COVID |
| What was the Death Rate in 1955 VS Death Rate in 2013? | 1955: 12 per 1000 VS 2013: 9 per 1000 |
| What caused Change in Death Rates? | Improved Medicine, Higher Living Standards, Health Education, Improved Working Conditions, Easier Access to Health Care |
| What is Fertility Rate? | Average number of children women will have during the child bearing years (15 - 44) |
| What Changes have occurred in the Fertility Rate? | Overall decrease, Baby Boom in the 1960s, 2021 lowest rate on record |
| What was the Fertility Rate in 1940 VS 1960 VS 2021? | 1940; 1.8 Children VS 1960: 2.6 Children VS 2021: 1.6 Children |
| What caused Change in Fertility Rates? | Easier Access to Contraception, Changing Attitudes towards Women, the need to be Geographically Mobile, Secularisation, Easier Divorce etc |
| What is Life Expectancy? | How long the average person can be expected to live, from 1 year of age |
| What Changes have occurred in Life Expectancy? | Rapid increase in the early 1900s, slow increase in the 1950s, stalled in the 2010s |
| What was the Life Expectancy in 1940 VS 2010? | 1940: 65 years VS 2010: 81 years |
| What caused Change in Life Expectancy? | Improved Medicine, Higher Living Standards, Health Education, Improved Working Conditions, Easier Access to Health Care |
| What is the Infant Mortality Rate? | Number of deaths of babies in their first year per 1000 births per year |
| What Changes have occurred in the Infant Mortality Rate? | Decreased, slight increase in 2014 |
| What was the Infant Mortality Rate in 1901 VS 2019? | 1901: 142 Infants VS 2019: 3.9 Infants |
| What caused Change in Infant Mortality Rates? | Improved Medicine, Higher Living Standards, Health Education, Improved Working Conditions, Easier Access to Health Care |
| According to Liberal Feminists, how has Demographic Change been positive? | Less domestic work in the household for women as there are less children |
| According to the Functionalist, Fletcher, how has Demographic Change been positive? | Easier to carry out the role of the family as there are fewer children to focus on and more support can be given to elderly relatives who are now living longer |
| According to March of Progress Functionalists, how has Demographic Change been positive? | Greater child centredness as their are less children and people can have better, longer and more enjoyable lives with the increased life expectancy |
| According to Marxists, how has Demographic Change been a mix of positive and negative? | Less children being raised to work for the bourgeoisie, less pressure to work to support dependent children, however more change is needed |
| According to Marxist/Radical Feminists, how has Demographic Change been a mix of positive and negative? | Some positive change, but needs to go further, more elderly relatives for women to have to care for due to increased life expectancy |
| According to The New Right, how has Demographic Change been negative? | Less family for men to protect and provide for, less opportunity for women to carry out their natural, nurturing role, goes against traditional values |
| What is an Ageing Population? | An increase in the average age of a population in society, with a growing proportion of elderly beyond the standard retirement age and a smaller proportion to young people |
| How has increased Life Expectancy caused an Ageing Population? | More of the population living longer, increasing the average age |
| How has decreased Birth Rate caused an Ageing Population? | Fewer young people being born per year, increasing the proportion of society that are elderly |
| How has Decreased Total Fertility Rate caused an Ageing Population? | Women have fewer children during their life time, decreasing the proportion of society that are young |
| How has Decreased Infant Mortality caused an Ageing Population? | Fewer children dying before the age of one, encouraging parents to have fewer children and decreasing the proportion of society that are young |
| How does an Ageing Population cause Beanpole Families? | Multigenerational family with few aunts, uncles or cousins - caused by fewer children per family being born |
| How does an Ageing Population cause Modern Extended Families? | Nuclear and extended families in different households but remaining in close social contact - caused because elderly are more able to live independently for longer |
| How does an Ageing Population cause Classic Extended Families? | Nuclear and extended families living in the same household - caused by the potential for older people to move in with their children, for financial reasons or practical support |
| How does an Ageing Population cause Lone Person Households? | A single person in one household - caused by the elderly living alone, usually after their spouse has died |
| What are the four advantages of an Ageing Population? | Boost to Economy, Less Crime, Family Support, Life Expectancy Stalling/Decreasing |
| How does an Ageing Population cause a Boost to Economy? | The elderly are often retired with lots of disposable income, allowing them to buy and consume a lot more, putting their money into helping the economy |
| What is an evaluation of the Ageing Population causing a Boost to Economy? | Dependency Ratio: The proportion of population that is dependent on the welfare state compared to the proportion of people in employment. An increase in people dependent on welfare causes strain on the working class who pay taxes to fund it |
| How does an Ageing Population cause Less Crime? | Elderly people are one of the least likely social groups to commit crime. Larger proportions of elderly people will cause less overall crime in society. The elderly extended family can also encourage their young extended family to not commit crime |
| What is an evaluation of Ageing Population causing Less Crime? | The elderly are often victims of crimes like cyber crime, which they are easy targets of because of their lack of online knowledge |
| How does an Ageing Population cause an increase in Family Support? | Elderly family members can help with domestic and child rearing tasks, providing support for women who increasingly return to work after childbirth, as well as financial support |
| What is an evaluation of Ageing Population causing an increase in Family Support? | The elderly are often unable to support their family due to being too ill or frail, or being dependent on support themselves |
| What are the four disadvantages of an Ageing Population? | Dependency Ratio, One Person Households and Housing Shortages, Ill Health and Disability, More Work for Women |
| How does an Ageing Population cause a worse Dependency Ratio? | The proportion of population that is dependent on the welfare state compared to the proportion of people in employment. An increase in people dependent on welfare causes strain on the working class who pay taxes to fund it |
| What is an evaluation of an Ageing Population causing a worse Dependency Ratio? | More people over the age of 65 still work, often part time or volunteering, and the elderly are much more independent and less reliant on services funded by taxes |
| How does an Ageing Population cause Housing Shortages? | The elderly often inhabit households that are far to big for their needs, making it harder for young families to afford households, especially in the cost of living crisis |
| What is an evaluation of an Ageing Population causing Housing Shortages? | More estates are being built on the green belt, providing more affordable houses to young families, plus a rise in immigration could also be blamed for housing shortages |
| How is an Ageing Population's Ill Health and Disability a disadvantage to the rest of society? | Increasing pensioners puts greater strain on the NHS as pensioners use health services more; leaving health care harder to access for other social groups |
| What is an evaluation of an Ageing Population's Ill Health and Disability being a disadvantage to the rest of society? | March of Progress: More is being done to provide funds for the NHS to reduce strain |
| How does an Ageing Population cause More Work for Women? | Women in their 50s have become the 'sandwich generation', providing care for elderly dependent relatives and children who live dependently for longer - 1/4 of women aged 50 to 64 care for a frail or disable relative |
| What is an evaluation of an Ageing Population causing More Work for Women? | The elderly are much more independent and actually help provide support for the family, taking pressures off of women |
Created by:
Skyelark
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