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classics midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| when is the stone age? | includes the neolithic era where we start out looking at cities |
| when is the chalcolithic age? | 5000-3100BCE |
| when is the bronze age? | 3100-1200BCE |
| when is the iron age? | depends on the area, West Asia did it first at 1200BCE, then Greeks in 1000-800BCE, then Romans in 700BCE |
| near east is called what according to the teacher? | Western Asia |
| what are some things non-settlers /nomads left behind? | post holes, burn marks, animal bones |
| what are things that settled cities left behind? | city plants, pottery, art, metal works, tombs and burials |
| what is relative dating? | dating based on ordering artefacts in their timeline |
| what happens after relative dating? | a typology is produced, where we order artifacts by form and sytle |
| what is typology / seriology? | arranging items found in archeological layers from oldest (earliest) to latest (most recent) |
| what is absolute dating? | determining dates by known scientific or historical processes |
| what are the 3 examples of absolute dating? | dendrochronology, radiocarbon dating, and historical dates from inscriptions on plaques, coins, or writing forms |
| what are stratigraphic layers? | layers of soil, artefacts, and ecofacts that build up on a settlement through time |
| what are the 4 main things that happened during the neolithic period ? | increase in permanent settlements, plant and animal domestication, and pottery production |
| when did we domesticate plants? | 10,000BCE |
| how do we know that agriculture is reflected in the archaoloigcal record? | we see evidence of storage pits and containers, various plant matter and seeds, tools for the production / processing of these plants |
| why was agriculture important? | allowed us to begin social organization and settling in one spot rather than hunting and traveling with animal herds. |
| how did agriculture impact social organization? | social roles emerge, including politics. Population also increases! |
| why do environmental conditions determine where cities were first established? | conditions determine many things like trade routes, resources available, and control over resources |
| what are the 2 parts of the neolithic period? | pre-pottery neolithic and pottery neolithic |
| examples of proto-cities that were established in the pre-pottery neolithic period? | Jericho, Catalhoyuk, Gobleki Tepe, and Cayonu (last 3 from txtbk) |
| what happened after the pre-pottery neolithic period? | the pottery period where metallurgy begins to emerges, (we r making our way into the metal ages!), and pottery, and proto-cities are getting even bigger! |
| what were the main characteristics of neolithic settlements? | small, 10-20 houses, circle houses at the start, then rectangular, and emergence of storage spaces |
| what makes Jericho so special? | has a built in defensive tower, which pushed back estimates of defensive structures by approx 5,000 years, someone controlled laborer's - politics! also had burials, rituals, and long distance trade |
| what is a characteristic of the early phase of pre-pottery neolithic? | circle houses with sunken floors and communal storage near city walls |
| what is a characteristic of late phase of pre-pottery neolithic? | rectangular houses with complex architecture allowing for food processing, storage in the house, focus on the individual household and perhaps social stratification |
| what are some unique burial things the late pre-pottery neolithic period? | family was buried under their houses, but some people got special treatment of their remains which could indicate social stratification |
| why do we think Jericho engaged in long distance trade? | they had imported wheat and barley, obsidian, salt, and sulfur |
| why would Jericho not be considered a city in V. Gordon Childe's definition? | did not have any writing about themselves, other than that they also barely pass the science requirement and collective identity |
| what are some characteristics of the chalcolithic period? | complex social differentiation and emergence of a relationship between state and religion (a deity was the main ruler) |
| what are the 2 periods of time in the chalcolithic period that we will look at? | Ubaid (5000-40000BCE) and Uruk (4000-31000BCE) |
| what happened in the Ubaid period? | temples (ZIGGURATS) emerge, clear social stratification in architecture, and extensive agriculture exploitation such as irrigation technology |
| What are the 3 cities we look at during the Ubaid period? | Eridu, Ubaid, and Ur |
| what is special about the ancient city of Eridu? | oldest known city in Mesopotamia, was around for centuries with expanding population, the founding population came from multiple background (farmers, fishers, and nomads) |
| what are the 3 characteristics of Ziggurats? | tripartite cella, podium or platform as monumental base, and buttress on the outside to show monumentality |
| what is a cella? | the inner chamber of a temple |
| what emerged during the Uruk period? | the city-state complex in the city of Uruk |
| what is a city-state | city center is the urban nucleus and the countryside is subordinate to the city. the city derives its economic base from the countryside |
| is there communal identity in a city state? | the countryside and the city come together to the temple to worship. |
| what are some characteristics of the Uruk city? | largest city during that time, had clear social stratifications just based on the organization of the brick and stone houses at the time, with workshops and canal systems to transport water |
| what were the roles of temples in Mesopotamian cities? | centers of redistribution of goods and communal cohesion. ruling groups ran these temples, and a communal identity is formed |
| what is special about the Uruk vase? | large scale visual representation of the city, with several registers / bands that display social complexity and that the ruler at the time was a bridge between the city and deity |
| what happened in the transition between the chalcolithic and bronze age? | Uruk was decimated by Sumerians and they took over control, then Akkadians took over from the Sumerians. Large cities from the Chalcolithic period are still prominent in this period. |
| what are some characteristics of Bronze age cities? | royal palaces and urban development through peer-policy interacitons AND EMERGENCE OF CUNIFORM! |
| what is peer-policy interacitons? | cities do not grow and thrive in isolation, so |
| when did cuneiform emerge? | 3300BCE |
| what was cuneiform used for? | administration and counting goods of the temple and kings lists. |
| what is the palace example we saw in class? | the City of Mari, northward from the other cities we looked at |
| what is special about Mari? | one of the first complex urban development plans in the WORLD, planned in circles to prevent flooding and enemies, with canals running through the city and many temples surrounding the palace |
| what were the major areas of the Mari Palace? | religious areas, residential areas for high officials, reception area for the public, and storage (instead of the temples) |
| what are frescoes | wall paintings found at Mari which depict many social things like the king being the divine bridge between the deity and the city |
| what is depicted in the frescoes at Mari? | agricultural prosperity as a result of the king having the blessings of the deity. there are also religious scenes |
| what was the role of the palace in the bronze age? | administrative, economic, religous. these various spaces allowed for individual activities and socio-political roles and was the central urban space |
| what did the king do in the bronze age? | controlled the city and had a supreme power that takes over the central deity role from the chalcolithic |
| what makes Egypt so stable? | isolated geography from others, surrounded by desert but the fertile strip along the Nile river from floods allows for perfect agricultural conditions |
| where is upper egypt? | in the lower half of egypt when we look at the map, has a higher elevation tho |
| where is lower egypt? | in the upper half of egypt when we look at the map, but has lower elevation |
| what are the 3 periods of egypt? | neolithic (10,000-5,000BCE) pre-dynasty (5,000-3100BCE) dynasty period (3100-1070BCE) - this period has a early period and then goes to old, middle, and new kingdoms |
| what are some characteristics of the pre-dynastic period of egypt? | early inhabitants were hunters but by 5,000BCE they had domesticated agriculture and livestock |
| did egypt have contact with western asia? | YES! we uncovered a ritual knife with materials of origin way outside of egypt |
| when did upper and lower egypt emerge? | during the pre-dynasty age, where each area had their own king and organization and chieftains |
| when do hieroglyphs emerge? | around the same time as cuneiform, 3300BCE, predynastic period |
| what are some characteristics of the early dynastic age in egypt? | begins with unification of upper and lower egypt into King Menes empire and becomes the first dynasty, development of technology to build pyramids in the old kingdom time, and origins of pharaonic culture |
| what are some characteristics of the dynastic period in egypt? | the old, middle, and new kingdoms emerge, with intermediate periods in between which are when chaos emerged between leadership transitions |
| when was the old kingdom? | 2675-2190BCE |
| what are the characteristics of the old kingdom? | the golden age of egypt, with stability, wealth, organizational and administrative control. DEVELOPMENT OF PYRAMIDS HERE! they were used to bury the Pharaohs and they developed mummification |
| when was the middle kingdom? | 2060-1795BCE |
| what are the characteristics of the old kingdom? | major developments in art, religion, funerary practices, architecture, and literature. pyramid building was renewed and major land reclamations occurred. this period also had lots of expanded control and establishing trade routes with Syria and Greece |
| when was the new kingdom? | 1550-1070BCE |
| what are the characteristics of the new kingdom of egypt? | heigh of military and technology, lots of military campaigns to expand empire, and a new royal burial site was established |
| how did the new kingdom of egypt fall? | repeated incursions from outside forces leading to fracturing and breakdown of the kingdom to Greco-Roman times |
| what are characteristics of Egyptian ancient cities ? | most were built with sundried mudbricks which are not resistant to weather damage like the stones of temples and pyramids. most towns were buried by floods |
| what is the name of the ancient city in Egypt ? | Lahun |
| what are the 2 main types of urban development in ancient egypt cities? | natural unplanned growth from pre-existing villages, and rigid urban planned cities like Lahun |
| when was Lahun built? | around 1895-1880BCE |
| what was Lahun an important example of? | planned urban settlement part of a dynasty build and land reclaim era in the middle kingdom for a mortuary complex for Sensuret II, SHOWED CLEAR SOCIAL STRATIFICATION |
| what are the parts of the Lahun city? | pyramid for burial, mortuary temple complex, and a town. there are cemeteries scattered around as well. |
| why was Lahun built? | to house the workers that built and maintained the mortuary complex but then later flowered into a administrative, economic, and regional centre |
| what are the characteristics of the Lahun Pyramid Complex? | pyramid at centre surrounded by walls with tombs for royalty but it was not built of complete stone like the other pyramids |
| what are the characteristics of the mortuary temple complex at Lahun? | built by water for officials, priests, and workers living in Lahun to maintain the mortuary cult, likely to receive the dead from the Nile and then carry 1.1km away to the Pyramid |
| what was the organization of Lahun city complex? | insane amount of planning, grid layout and enclosed by walls. had elite and nonelite houses, as well as an acropolis |
| what were the characteristics of the elite Lahun houses? | divided into many rooms and served administrative and domestic requirements, combining working and home |
| what were the features of the acropolis in Lahun? | overlooked the rest of the settlement with similar composition to elite houses nearby but was itself inclosed in a wall and staircase |
| what was the acropolis likely used for? | administrative activity and residence for the 'mayor' or ruler of Lahun |
| what were the features of non-elite houses in Lahun? | small, directly adjoined (shared a wall), contained about 4-5 rooms with a flat roof for living or storage space and there were copper tools and pottery found in these houses |
| did Lahun trade long distances? | YES! imported pottery found likely from the wealthy officials living in Lahun |
| when were the Minoans around? | 2000-1400BCE |
| when were the Myceneans around? | 1600-1200BCE |
| what is the geography of Crete compared to Western Asia? | one has mountain locked valleys with no navigable rivers or fertile plains for agriculture so the cities were ISOLATED and AUTONOMOUS ! |
| how do we know about the minoans? | used the writing system Linear A which we have not desciphered |
| what is a minoan city that is small and represents every day ancient Greek life? | Gournia |
| what is a minoan city with a palace that is extravagant? | Knossos |
| what are some archeological remains of Gournia? | some of the urban organization such as palace at the center, small TWO-STORY houses around the palace and organic growth with no true dividing of the town |
| what is known about Knossos? | large houses / villas surrounding the palace, huge settlement (10-20km radius) and TONS of people lived there |
| what are the 5 functions of a Minoan Palace? | private residence, religious/cult centre, economic centre, NEW: communal meeting spaces, and ceremonial spaces |
| what was the private residence like at Knossos? | very lavish, frescoes of various sea creatures |
| what is the communal space like at Knossos? | large central court where all entrances to the palace leading here. all entrances leading here is unknown why tho- cult meaning or control of movement? |
| what is the ceremonial / cult / religious space like at Knossos? | there was lots of bull worship, with various athletic activities too like bull leaping |
| what is meant by the throne room at Knossos? | most famous room but we dont think its a political space but rather for rituals because of the lustral central basin |
| what are the characteristics of religious spaces at Knossos? | storage pits for deity tribute, tri-partite shrine depicted on wall paintings in the palace and people carrying things to the deity |
| what kind of storage did the Minoans use? | large jars for large-scale storage and square floor pits |
| did the Minoans have social complexity? | yes! they had various workshops for people to specialize in their trades |
| what do workshops suggest? | the palace is involved in the production of raw materials |
| did the Minoan cities contact the countryside? | YES! they had shared ideology but not like city-states of Mesopotamia |
| what are peak sanctuaries? | the Minoan culture of boiling temples at the top of mountains in an attempt to sew together the city and countryside |
| what were peak sanctuaries intended for, politically? | a way to control and organize surplus of materials, which is a common system where the "chiefdom" state controls labor |
| what are the 4 Mycenean cities we look at? | Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, and Knossos on Crete |
| what did the Myceneans write about in Linear B? | also mostly accounting things and palace information, not literature or poetry |
| what are the 4 major things about Mycenae? | lion gate, megaron palace, and the two grave circles |
| what architecture is prominent in Mycenae city? | Cyclopean where everything was so massive, people thought only |
| what is significant about the lion gate? | the main entrance to the city, made to look huge and express power |
| what is the Mycenae palace called? | the Megaron |
| megaron characteristics? | tripartite, single access, 4 columns around a circular hearth, plastered and painted walls and floors |
| what are the functions of a Mycenean Palace? | residence of king, rituals, administration, collection and redistributing and storing surplus goods, and workshops |
| what is the relevance of grave circles at Mycenae? | monumental burials to exhibit power |
| what are the characteristics of grave circle B? | high visibility,, reinforcement of social hierarchy, you passed by this on your way into the city |
| what are the characteristics of grave circle A? | even more monumental than the first, was added later and is found inside the city walls, likely cuz the king requested it |
| who was buried in grave circle A? | there are grave markers (steele's) that prove there were military people buried here and success in war is how they achieved status |
| what kind of grave goods did they find in circle A? | elaborate hunting scenes on daggers, and bull worship, taking from Minoan culture. also lots of luxury goods like imported pottery or gold masks that take the shape of the persons face |
| what is the ancient city of troy? | a city thought to have not existed until 150yrs ago and is the town of a really old story that ppl thought was made up |
| how many stratigraphic layers of troy are there? | 9! |
| what layers of Troy did we look at? | 6 and 7 |
| what was significant about Troy layer 6? | this was the height of the city, massive citadel with city building around it. there was a sophisticated layout, large population, and did lots of animal breeding and textile production |
| how did Troy layer 6 fall? | massive earthquake |
| what is significant about troy 7? | divided into 2 parts, A and B. |
| what happened during troy 7a? | inhabitnts moved to live inside the citadel, more buildings were added even though it was cramped, all houses had large storage jars, and the walls and gates were rebuilt and strengthened |
| how did troy 7a fall? | it was violently destroyed by attackers with bodies being strewn everywhere |
| what happened during troy 7b? | troy was slightly rebuilt, but then it becomes uninhabited after the collapse of the bronze age |
| does troy have palaces like Mycenae? | NO! but they have some megaron structures but no true palace |
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