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AP HUG 5.1-2 5.6-9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Agriculture | The planting and harvesting of domesticated plants and the raising of domesticated animals for food |
| Domesticated plant | A plant that is debliberately planted, protected, cared for, and used by humans and is genetically distinct from its wild ancestors |
| Domesticated animal | An animal that depends on people for food and shelter and is different from its wild ancestors in looks and behavior as a result of close contact with humans |
| Nutrients | Compounds of topsoil (such as nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium) necessary for plants to survive, grow, and reproduce. |
| Topography | The arrangement of shapes on Earth's surface |
| Climate | The average pattern of weather over 30 years period for a particular region. |
| Weather | The day-to-day atmospheric conditions that affect daily decisions |
| Monsoon | Seasonal reversal of winds with a general onshore movement in summer and a general offshore movement in winter; onshore winds bring monsoon rains |
| intensive agriculture | Crop cultivation and livestock rearing systems that use high levels of labor and capital relative to the size of the landholding |
| Subsistence agriculture | Food production mainly for consumption by the farming family and local community, rather than principally for sale in the market |
| Commerical Agriculture | Farming oriented exclusively toward the production of agricultural commodities for sale in the market |
| Market Gardening | A small scale farming system in which a farmer plant one to a few acres that produce a diverse mixture of vegetables and fruits, mostly for sale in local and regional markets. |
| Truck farm | A scaled-up version of market gardening, with more acreage, less crop diversity, and a stronger orientation toward more distant markets. |
| Plantation Agriculture | Large landholding devoted to capital-intensive, specialized production of a single tropical or subtropical crop for the global marketplace |
| Mixed Crop/Livestock Agriculture | A diversified system of agriculture based on the cultivation of cereal grains and root crops (such as potatoes and yams) and the rearing of herd livestock |
| Cereal Grains | Seeds that come from a wide variety of grasses cultivated around the world, including wheat, barley, sorghum, millet, oats, and maize (corn) |
| Millet | A fast-growing cereal plant that is widely grown in warm regions with poor soil |
| Root crops | Vegetables that form below ground and must be dug at maturity, such as cassava, potatoes, and yams |
| Cash crops | A crop raised to be sold for profit rather than to feed the farm family and the livestock; common cash crops are cotton, flax, hemp, coffee, and tobacco |
| Peasants | Small-scale farmers who own their fields, rely chiefly on family labor, and produce both for their own subsistence and for sale in the market |
| paddy rice farming | A system of wet rice cultivation on small level fields bordered by impermeable dikes; the fields (paddies) are flooded with 4-6 inches (10-15 centimeters) of water for about three-quarters of the growing season |
| Grain Farming | A highly mechanized commercial farming system that specializes in the production of cereal grains; requires large farms and widespread use of machinery, synthetic fertilizer, pesticides, and genetically engineered seeds |
| Livestock Farming | An intensive system of animal feeding utilizing fenced enclosures to fatten livestock, mostly cattle and hogs, for slaughter and processing for the market |
| Feedlot | A fenced enclosure used for intensive livestock feeding that serves to limit livestock movement and associated weight loss |
| Dairying | A farming system that specializes in the breeding, rearing, and utilization of livestock (primarily cows) to produce milk and its various by-products, such as yogurt, butter, and cheese |
| extensive agriculture | Crop cultivation and livestock rearing systems that require little hired labor or monetary investment to successfully raise crops and animals |
| shifting cultivation | The cultivation of a plot of land until it becomes less productive, typically over a period of about three to five years; when productivity drops, the farmer shifts to a new plot of land that has been prepared by slash-and-burn agriculture |
| slash and burn agriculture | Agriculture that involves cutting small plots in forests or woodlands, burning the cuttings to clear the round and release nutrients, and planting in the ash of the cleared plot |
| swidden agriculture | Agriculture that involves cutting small plots in forests or woodlands, burning the cuttings to clear the round and release nutrients, and planting in the ash of the cleared plot |
| Intercropping | The farming practice of planting multiple crops together in the same clearing |
| Nomadic herding/pastoralism | A system of breeding and rearing herd livestock, such as cattle, sheep, or goats, by following the seasonal movement of rainfall to areas of open pasturelands |
| Livestock Ranching | The practice of using extensive tracts of land to rear herds of livestock to sell as meat, hides, or wool |
| rural area | Area located outside of towns and cities; all the space, population, and housing not included in an urban area |
| Rural Settlement | Small group of people living outside of an urban area |
| Agricultural landscape | The visible imprint of agricultural practices |
| grain elevator | large storage facility for grain |
| suitcase farm | In U.S. commercial grain agriculture regions, a farm on which no one lives; planting and harvesting are done by hired migratory crews |
| Silo | Round or square tower-like structure that stores feed for the livestock on the farm |
| Settlement Patterns | The ways in which people organize themselves on the land |
| Clustered Settlement | A tightly bunched farm settlement that has anywhere from a few dozen to several hundred inhabitants |
| farm villages | A tightly bunched farm settlement that has anywhere from a few dozen to several hundred inhabitants |
| farmstead | Center of farm operations, which includes the farmhouse, barns, shed, livestock pens, and family garden |
| dispersed/isolated settlement pattern | A settlement pattern in which families live relatively distant from one another |
| linear settlement pattern | A settlement pattern in which buildings are arranged in a line, often along a road or river; limited to areas where legal systems dictated that property lines must be rectangular |
| Survey Methods | The methods used by surveyors to lay out property lines |
| Cadastral Survey | Systematic documentation of property ownership, shape, use, and boundaries |
| Metes and Bounds | Survey system that uses natural features such as trees, boulders, and streams to delineate property boundaries |
| Township and Range | Land survey system created by the U.S. Land Ordinance of 1785, which divides most of the country's territory into a grid of square-shaped townships with 6-mile sides |
| Capital Expenditures | Assets that cost money, such as land, machinery, synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, seeds, and livestock feed |
| Bid-Rent Theory | Explains how the demand for and price of land decrease as its distance from the central business district increases |
| Central Business District (CBD) | A dense cluster of offices and shops located at a city's most accessible point, usually its center |
| large-scale commercial operation | A large-scale farm oriented exclusively toward the production of agricultural commodities for sale in the market |
| Monocropping (monoculture) | The cultivation of a single commercial crop on extensive tracts of land |
| agricultural cooperative | An organization where farmers pool their resources in certain areas of activity such as services or production; services or production resources are provided to individual farm members |
| Family farm | A farming operation wholly owned by a family or family corporation that sells its products to some defined market, either directly or through a cooperative |
| commodity | A primary agricultural product or raw material that is bought, sold, and traded |
| commodity chain | a series of links connecting a commodity's many places of production, distribution, and consumption |
| Agribusiness | Large corporation that provides a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry |
| Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) | Animal rearing system that confines livestock (such as cattle, sheep, turkeys, chickens, and hogs) in high- density cages only large enough to allow the animal's body to grow and to accommodate equipment for feeding and waste removal |
| cool chains | The system that uses refrigeration and food-freezing technologies to keep farm produce fresh in climate-controlled environments at every stage of transport from field to retail grocers and restaurants |
| Hinterland | The area surrounding a city |
| Global Supply Chain | Agribusinesses, organized at the global scale; encompasses all elements of growing, harvesting, processing, transporting, marketing, consuming, and disposing of food for people |
| Contact farming | Arrangement between an independent farmer and an agribusiness company to produce a crop; provide farmer with all the supplies needed to produce a crop in exchange for a guaranteed price and buyer. |
| proprietary seeds | Seeds that are developed and entirely owned by a company |
| Export commodity | A cash crop that is produced for export to wealthier countries at the expense of crop production for local consumption |
| Subsidies | Guaranteed prices for staple food crops |
| famine | extreme scarcity of food |
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