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C2 Crime
Patterns and Trends in Crime
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the Patterns of Offenders? | All groups have criminal members, but the vast majority of offenders are young, male and working class. Some ethnic minorities are more likely to commit crime. There has been a rise in female crime. |
| What are the Patterns of Offenses? | Many types of crime, but in the UK the majority of crime is property crime (Utilitarian like theft or fraud and non utilitarian like vandalism). The remaining majority of crime is violence, drug and driving offenses, and a minority of sexual assaults |
| What are the Patterns of Victims? | Anyone can be a victim, but some groups are more likely to be than others: Young, male, unemployed, homeless and minorities. There tends to be repeat victimisation |
| What are Police Recorded Crime (PRC) stats? | Crimes detected or recorded by the police - Not supported by the ONS due to frequent inaccuracies |
| What are Court and Prison Records? | Details on those who are charged and punished for a crime |
| What is the Telephone Crime Survey for England and Wales? | A sample of the population is anonymously asked what crimes have been committed against them - Seen as more important than the PRC |
| What is the Offending Crime and Justice Survey? | Carried out between 2003 and 2006, asking individuals what crimes they have committed. Often carried out with easily identified groups (Like students) |
| Name one pattern or trend that Police Recorded Crime shows | Most common crimes are violence and theft |
| Name one pattern or trend that Court and Prison Records show | 96% of prisoners are male |
| Name one pattern or trend that the Telephone Crime Survey for England and Wales shows | Only 4 out of 10 crimes are reported to police |
| Name one pattern or trend that the Offending Crime and Justice Survey shows | The peak of anti social behaviour is during age 14 to 16 |
| Give two Evaluation for Police Recorded Crime | Many crimes do not get reported to the police due to fear, the triviality of the crime or the strength of the institution. Interactionists: Crime is a social construct - Crime is only crime if labelled that way |
| Give one Evaluation for Court and Prison Records | Conflict Sociologists: Police officers focus on crimes of the poor, women find it harder to report domestic and sexual abuse - Statistics are inaccurate |
| Give one Evaluation for Telephone Crime Survey for England and Wales | Ignores victimless crime, white collar crime and green crime |
| Give one Evaluation for Offending Crime and Justice Survey | Participants may lie or may have forgotten, survey tends to focus on easier to get groups like students, tends to only reveal trivial crimes |
| What is White Collar Crime? | Individuals using their position of power to commit crimes for personal gain or at the expense of their business or government |
| What is Corporate Crime? | Companies or individuals acting for the companies committing crime for the company or to increase profits |
| Give four examples of White Collar Crime | Insider Trading, Bribery and Corruption, Fraud, Embezzelment |
| Give five examples of Corporate Crime | Green Crimes, Manufacturing Offenses, Labour Law Violations, Unfair Trade Practices, Financial Offenses |
| How does Relative Deprivation explain Middle and Upper Class Crime? | Crime is caused by how poor people feel in comparison to others. Even though middle and upper class people might be wealthy, they mat feel like they do not have what they deserve and may commit crime to achieve it |
| How does Strain Theory explain Middle and Upper Class Crime? | Even though a person might be wealthy, they may struggle to maintain their lifestyle and turn to illegitimate innovative means |
| How does Capitalism is Criminogenic explain Middle and Upper Class Crime? | Middle class individuals and companies are under greater pressure to commit crime to achieve as there is more competition in a globalised world. Capitalism makes individuals more selfish and greedy |
| How does Seduction and Edgework explain Middle and Upper Class Crime? | Middle and upper classes commit different crimes than the lower classes, but for the same reasons: they live in a weakened post modern society with a lack of control and more freedom and choice |
| Give one evaluation of Relative Deprivation as an explanation for Middle and Upper Class Crime | Intersectional: Not all middle and upper class criminals have the same reasons as to why they commit crime |
| Give one evaluation of Strain Theory as an explanation for Middle and Upper Class Crime | Post Modernism: Increased choices and freedoms mean that societies goals are different to each individual, some are more simple and achievable than others |
| Give one evaluation of Capitalism is Criminogenic as an explanation for Middle and Upper Class Crime | Does not explain middle and upper class crime in other countries or before capitalism |
| Give one evaluation of Seduction and Edgework as an explanation for Middle and Upper Class Crime | Consensus vs Post Modern: Ignores apparent consensus in societies goals as a cause of crime |
| How does Selective Law Enforcement explain why the Middle and Upper Class are Underrepresented in Crime? | The police do not enforce law equally. Police use their stereotypical views when deciding how to enforce the law. They are more likely to stop and search and arrest working class people, making it look as though lower classes commit more crime |
| How does Labelling Theory explain why the Middle and Upper Class are Underrepresented in Crime? | The middle class avoid being labelled as criminal and prosecuted as judges, police and individuals do not think they match the stereotype of being a criminal |
| What are the Practical Reasons why the Middle and Upper Class are Underrepresented in Crime? | Middle class crime is hard to detect as they visually appear to be doing non criminal acts, most crime does not involve a direct victim, most middle class criminals choose to resign rather than be prosecuted and harm the reputation of the institution |
| According to Interactionists, how does Stereotypes cause an Overrepresentation of Male Crime? | Men appear to commit more crime due to stereotypes, police are more likely ignore female crime as it does not match their stereotypes of criminals. This causes statistics to be inaccurate and proves crime is a social construct |
| What is an evaluation of Stereotypes causing an Overrepresentation of Male Crime? | Social Construct vs Objective Truth - Crime is not a social construct, it exists despite peoples assumptions and interpretations |
| How does Less Detectable Female Crime cause an Overrepresentation of Male Crime? | Women often commit more victimless crimes than men, such as shoplifting, so tend to get caught and prosecuted less |
| What is an evaluation of Less Detectable Female Crime? | Intersectional: Not all women commit crime that is victimless or less detectable |
| How does Chivalry Thesis cause an Overrepresentation of Male Crime? | Women receive better treatment than men in court and by police due to them being run by patriarchal chivalrous men, this means women are less likely to be taken into custody and prosecuted and more likely to receive tamer punishments |
| What is an evaluation of Chivalry Thesis? | Arguments can be made that the criminal justice system treats women worse than men, not better (Double Deviance) |
| How does Double Deviance cause an Overrepresentation of Male Crime? | Criminal women are treated twice as harshly as they are breaking both norms about crime and norms about gender. Women are only appear to be treated better because they have mitigating factors |
| What are Mitigating Factors? | Expressions of gender norms (if they are a good mother, wife, feel remorse or if it is their first crime) - Women are judge by whether they have been a 'good woman', not by the crime they have committed |
| What is an evaluation of Double Deviance? | Modern vs Post Modern - Women cannot be judged by gender norms because gender norms are uncertain |
| How have the patterns of Female Crime changed overtime? | There has been a rise in female crime - In 1957 men were 11x more likely to commit crime, in 2014, men are only 3x more likely |
| According to Adler's theory, Liberation Thesis, why has Female Crime Increased? | Growing female crime is caused by change in gender roles. The lack of control and increased independence of women mean they now have more opportunities to commit crime |
| According to Ladette Culture, why has Female Crime Increased? | There is no longer a traditional female sex role, females are increasingly socialised into masculine norms and values like risk taking and acting aggressively |
| How has Changes in Recording Crime caused and Increase in Female Crime? | Police and Courts have stopped treating female crime informally, following official protocols. Plus an increase in female police officers and changes in female representations in media means female crime is less ignored |
| True or False, White Criminals are more likely to be convicted for theft | True |
| True or False, Black, Pakistani and Bangladeshi individuals are have a High Conviction Rate | False - however they are more likely to be stopped and searched and arrested than average, suggesting that they are arrested without sufficient evidence to convict |
| True or False, Black and Asian Criminals are more likely to be convicted of drug offenses | True |
| Which Ethnicities are more likely to be Victims of Crime? | Black, Indian, Arab and Pakistani are the most likely to be victims of crime. White and Chinese individuals are the least likely to be victims of a crime |
| According to the Neo-Marxist, Gilroy, why do Black Individuals commit Crime? | Black Crime as Resistance: Black individuals only commit crime due to anti colonial values, as a form of political protest and rebellion against oppressive white rulers |
| What is the 'Myth of Black Criminality'? | Unlike what the media suggests, the black community are not likely to to commit other crimes that aren't for resistance, they are just more likely to be targeted by police |
| According to Cloward and Ohlin, how does Illegitimate Subcultures explain why Ethnic Minorities commit Crime? | Ethnic groups may form or join organised, conflict or retreatist gangs if the option is available and they cannot legitimately achieve the goals in society |
| According to Merton, how does Strain Theory cause Ethnic Minorities to commit Crime? | Minorities might struggle to achieve the collective goals of society (lifestyle, wealth, status). This causes criminal innovative, retreatist and rebellion responses |
| According to Young, how does Marginalisation cause Ethnic Minorities to commit Crime? | Ethnic groups might feel temporarily unable to access the benefits of society because of discrimination preventing minorities joining the legitimate economy, wielding political power or affecting mainstream social culture |
| According to Pryce, how does Hustling Subcultures explain why Ethnic Minorities commit Crime? | 'Hustling': Low level petty crime in attempts to make money, seen as normal and not immoral to the community. Ethnic minority individuals are raised around petty crime so see it as right and normal |
| According to Lyng, how does Edgework explain why Ethnic Minorities commit Crime? | Working class ethnic minorities may engage in crime more to achieve a stronger identity as an individual who enjoys risks and pushing boundaries |
| What is an evaluation of Black Crime as Resistance? | Black individuals are more likely to be victims of crime than white people, if black criminals were doing crime to rebel against white rulers than why would they target their own social group? |
| What is an evaluation of Hustling Subcultures as an explanation of why Ethnic Minorities commit crime? | Interactionists: Ethnic Minorities are only in criminal gangs because the gangs they are in are labelled as criminal by society |
| What is an evaluation of Illegitimate Subcultures as an explanation of why Ethnic Minorities commit crime? | Argument can be made that minorities do not commit more crime, it just appears that way due to unjust stop and searches and arrests |
| What is an evaluation of Strain Theory as an explanation of why Ethnic Minorities commit crime? | Post Modernism: Increased choices and freedoms mean that societies goals are different to each individual, some are more simple and achievable than others |
| What is an evaluation of Marginalisation as an explanation of why Ethnic Minorities commit crime? | Intersectional: Not all ethnic minorities are effected by society in the same way |
| What is an evaluation of Edgework as an explanation of why Ethnic Minorities commit crime? | Critical vs Consensus: Ignores the inequalities ethnic minorities face within society that causes crime |
| According to Neo Marxists, how does Scapegoating the Black Mugger cause Ethnic Minorities to be Overrepresented in Crime? | In the 70s, the bourgeoisie exaggerated the risk of black crime against the white majority as an excuse to deploy a repressive state apparatus and distract the working class from the harm the ruling class was doing to them |
| According to Interactionists, how does Canteen Culture cause Ethnic Minorities to be Overrepresented in Crime? | Officers work, live and socialise with other police officers, causing a homogenous identification with police values (Suspicion, macho, group behaviour), which leads to a distrusting and racist mindset |
| According to Interactionists, how does Negotiating Justice and Stereotypes cause Ethnic Minorities to be Overrepresented in Crime? | Officers do not use the criminal act to decide if an individual is criminal, instead police make judgements based on stereotypes. Individuals can convince police of their innocence through interaction and non stereotypical behaviour |
| Who are Critical Race Theorists? | The CRT focus on how the structure of society, the institutions, relationships between institutions and groups, the norms and values, benefit the white majority of society and harm the ethnic minorities |
| According to Critical Race Theorists, what are the two Non Direct Discrimination explanations of Overrepresentation of Ethnic Minorities in Crime? | Mistrust of Police, Social Position |
| According to Critical Race Theorists, how does Mistrust of Police cause an Overrepresentation of Ethnic Minorities in Crime? | Previous racism of the criminal justice system causes ethnic minorities to behave in more stereotypically criminal ways, like being uncooperative, which can cause the police to be harsher on them |
| According to Critical Race Theorists, how does Social Position cause an Overrepresentation of Ethnic Minorities in Crime? | Ethnic minorities are more likely to belong to lower social positions in society, making arrests and charges more likely due to working class characteristics like poor communication |
| According to Critical Race Theorists, how does Social Position explain why not all Ethnic Minorities are treated the same by the Criminal Justice System? | Indians and Chinese are less likely to be stopped and searched or arrested without proper evidence due to being middle class, unlike other ethnic minorities which are more likely to be working class and overrepresented in crime |
| According to Critical Race Theorists, what are the five Direct Discrimination explanations of Overrepresentation of Ethnic Minorities in Crime? | Racist Stop and Searches, Institutional Racism, Racist Arrests, Racist Sentencing, Racist Prison Treatment |
| According to Critical Race Theorists, how does Racist Stop and Searches cause an Overrepresentation of Ethnic Minorities in Crime? | Police use their own discretion during stop and searches, the high stop and search rate among ethnic minorities is due to the racist bias of the police. This could cause self fulfilling prophecy as ethnic minorities see themselves as criminal |
| According to Critical Race Theorists, what is Institutional Racism? | Institutional Racism is the processes, attitudes and behaviour which disadvantage ethnic minorities, held by the majority in an institution, or in the rules and norms of an institution |
| According to Critical Race Theorists, how does Racist Arrests cause an Overrepresentation of Ethnic Minorities in Crime? | Police are more likely to make arrests and charges against ethnic minorities without evidence, causing lower conviction rates but higher arrest rates |
| According to Critical Race Theorists, how does Racist Sentencing cause an Overrepresentation of Ethnic Minorities in Crime? | Black defendants are more likely to receive harsher, longer sentences for the same crimes as white defendants, making the ethnic minority population of prisons larger |
| According to Critical Race Theorists, how does Racist Prison Treatment cause an Overrepresentation of Ethnic Minorities in Crime? | Black and Asian prisoners are more likely to be seen as risky prisoners by guards and receive violence from other prisoners and less likely to receive special privileges |
| What is an evaluation of Scapegoating the Black Mugger as an explanation of why Ethnic Minorities are overrepresented in Crime? | Outdated: Individuals within society are more aware of attempts to distract them from the harm the ruling class causes them |
| What is an evaluation of Negotiating Justice and Stereotypes as an explanation of why Ethnic Minorities are overrepresented in Crime? | Structuralism vs Interactionalism: Criminality isn't based on labels and stereotypes, it is based on laws which are based off of collectively agreed upon values of what is right and wrong |
| What is an evaluation of Canteen Culture as an explanation of why Ethnic Minorities are overrepresented in Crime? | Outdated: More ethnic diversity within the police force means less racist mindsets throughout the force |
| What is an evaluation of Mistrust of the Police as an explanation of why Ethnic Minorities are overrepresented in Crime? | Intersectional: Ignores the differences between ethnic minorities, not all ethnic minorities mistrust the police |
| What is an evaluation of Social Position as an explanation of why Ethnic Minorities are overrepresented in Crime? | Post Modernists: Ethnicity and class is more diverse and uncertain now, so it is impossible to say what social position ethnic minorities are in |
| What is an evaluation of Direct Discrimination as an explanation of why Ethnic Minorities are overrepresented in Crime? | Marxists or Feminists: Ignores the inequality done by the CJS towards the working class or women |
Created by:
Skyelark
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