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F3 Family
Childhood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the key idea of Childhood? | Separateness: Childhood is very distinct and separate from other periods of life. Children are dependent, innocent and vulnerable |
| What are the two different views about why Childhood is different from Adulthood? | Biologically Immature View, Social Construct View |
| What is the Biologically Immature View? | Children are different because of biology and natural differences in development |
| What is the Social Construct View? | Children are different because people in society have shared assumptions and interpretations about childhood |
| What is a Social Construct? | When the important characteristics of something only exist because of societies shared assumptions and thoughts about it. If the whole of society agreed to assume and interpret something differently, then it would change |
| According to Aries, what are the three pieces of evidence that Childhood is a Social Construct? | Cross Cultural Differences, Historical Differences, Differences within Society |
| How are Cross Cultural Differences evidence of Childhood being a Social Construct? | Childhood varies across different societies, often with different responsibilities, independence, exposure to sexuality and violence |
| Give two examples of Childhood having Cross Cultural Differences | Child soldiers in Afghanistan, Children in the Trobriand Islands engage in sexual behaviour from around the age of 12 |
| How are Historical Changes evidence of Childhood being a Social Construct? | Pre Industrialisation children used to be seen as 'little adults' once infancy ended and many children had to work in order to help the family unit survive, |
| How are Differences within Society evidence of Childhood being a Social Construct? | The experience of childhood varies within the UK, children are treated differently based on class, gender, ethnicity, disability etc |
| Give two examples of Historical Changes in Childhood | Paintings of historical middle class families suggest children were seen as little adults, Factory Act 1833 - Children aged 9 - 13 could not work more than 9 hours a day etc |
| Give two examples of Childhood being Different within Society | Girls have a 'bedroom culture', South Asians are more likely to live in Urban Areas etc |
| Name one evaluation of Cross Cultural Differences being evidence that Childhood is a Social Construct | Child abuse not social construct: Cultures that force children to work or encourage them to be sexual aren't evidence that childhood doesn't exist, they are just cultures that don't treat their children properly |
| Name one evaluation of Historical Changes being evidence that Childhood is a Social Construct | Unrepresentative secondary sources: Evidence that children used to be little adults is mostly based on unrepresentative subjective sources, like paintings, that do not give an accurate view of what most of childhood was like historically |
| Name one evaluation of Differences within Society being evidence that Childhood is a Social Construct | Although there might be small differences in the experience of childhood within society, largely children from all groups have a similar experience |
| What does it mean for a society to be Child Centred? | A society that puts the needs, pleasure, protection and safety of children before the needs of adults |
| Name the four causes of Child Centeredness | Smaller families, Shorter Working Weeks, Policy Change, Child Consumers |
| How has Smaller Families caused Child Centeredness? | Nuclear families and diverse, smaller families have allowed children to become the focus and priority instead of sharing priority with extended family members |
| How has Short Working Weeks caused Child Centredness? | The average working week has drastically decreased post industrialisation allowing for more focus to be on children instead of work |
| How has Policy Change caused Child Centredness? | Government policy ensures that children's rights and wellbeing are protected and institutions prioritise the health and wellbeing of children above all else |
| How has Child Consumers caused Child Centredness? | Media and advertisers focus more on encouraging children to buy products as a leisure activity and base their identity on these products, parents are pressured to buy more and more for their children |
| Name the four causes of Child Centeredness | Smaller families, Shorter Working Weeks, Policy Change, Child Consumers |
| How has Smaller Families caused Child Centeredness? | Nuclear families and diverse, smaller families have allowed children to become the focus and priority instead of sharing priority with extended family members |
| How has Short Working Weeks caused Child Centredness? | The average working week has drastically decreased post industrialisation allowing for more focus to be on children instead of work |
| How has Policy Change caused Child Centredness? | Government policy ensures that children's rights and wellbeing are protected and institutions prioritise the health and wellbeing of children above all else |
| How has Child Consumers caused Child Centredness? | Media and advertisers focus more on encouraging children to buy products as a leisure activity and base their identity on these products, parents are pressured to buy more and more for their children |
| Give one evaluation of Smaller Families that suggest that society isn't Child Centred | Modern extended families still exist, the aging population causes a sandwich generation meaning older families share priority with children |
| Give one evaluation of Shorter Working Weeks that suggest that society isn't Child Centred | Working from home has increased, meaning that even though parents are at home, they are still focused on work rather than children |
| Give one evaluation of Policy Change that suggest that society isn't Child Centred | Despite changes in policies and laws, children are still abused and crimes are still committed against them |
| Give one evaluation of Child Consumers that suggest that society isn't Child Centred | Society is intersectional, not all children base their identity on products or buy for leisure |
| Name two ways that Childhood has Improved | March of Progress: Norms and values have improved and institutions now priorities making children happier, healthier and better educated. Protective Laws: Policy prevents children from engaging in harmful behaviour or being harmed |
| Name three ways that Childhood has Worsened | Toxic Childhood, Age, Patriarchy and Oppression, Child Abuse |
| How is Childhood now Toxic? | Increased social media usage, exam pressure, and the schoolification of childhood (Increased monitoring and lack of independence) has caused short attention span, obesity, mental health issues and communication problems |
| According to Child Liberationists, how has Childhood Worsened? | Age, Patriarchy and Oppression: Children are overly restricted, denied a voice for change or the rights they deserve, they are also given lowers status and power than adults, making them dependent |
| Give one example of March of Progress | Factory Act 1833: Children aged 9-13 could not work for more than 9 hours a day |
| Give one example of Protective Laws | Children Act 2004: Clarified institutions responsibilities towards children and who should intervene to support and protect children and when |
| Give one example of Toxic Childhood | Fisher Act 1918: Compulsory education for children aged 5-14 |
| Give one example of Age, Patriarchy and Oppression | Road Traffic Act 1960: 16 is minimum age to drive legally |
| Give one example of Child Abuse | The NSPC found that 1 in 5 face maltreatment in childhood |
| Give one example of Smaller Families | Average household size is 2.3 people |
| Give one example of Shorter Working Weeks | 19th century workers worked an average of 80 hours a week, currently average working hours is an average of 40 hours a week |
| Give one example of Policy Change | Children Act 2004: Clarified institutions responsibilities towards children and who should intervene to support and protect children and when |
| Give one example of Child Consumers | 820 million children's social media profiles are targeted by advertisements each day |
| How can Childhood Disappear? | When the Childhood is no long distinct and separate from adulthood |
| How can Childhood Extend? | When the characteristics that make childhood distinct from adulthood last longer |
| How does Exposure to Adult Media cause Childhood to Disappear? | New media and increased media saturation causes children to be exposed to the same content as adults, blending the behaviour, concerns, attitudes and language of adults. They are no longer innocent |
| How does Less Influence from Parents cause Childhood to Disappear? | With both parents increasingly more likely to work, or live apart, children spend less time interacting with parents and being alone in their rooms with internet access, meaning they are less dependent on their parents |
| How does Technology cause Childhood to Disappear? | The increased pace of new technology means children are often more skilled and up to date than their parents, so are not as dependent upon them |
| How does the Sexualisation of Children cause Childhood to Disappear? | Advertisers and retailers encourage children to appear more adult, sexual topics are more visible to children, removing the innocence of childhood |
| Name an evaluation for Exposure to Adult Media | Functionalist: Exaggerates the negatives - Children often still consume age appropriate content |
| Name an evaluation for Less Influence from Parents | Consensus: March of Progress - Smaller families and less children means increased child centeredness |
| Name an evaluation for Technology | Interactionism: Exaggerates similarities - Children may be more adept with technology and new media, but parents are still more adept with household tasks/repairs and adult responsibilities |
| How does Education cause Childhood to Extend? | Education is now compulsory to all up to the age of 18, and more children are encouraged to go to university. This prevents adolescents from working and being independent and encourages the view that they are still vulnerable and need further learning |
| How does Dependence cause Childhood to Extend? | There is a 'clipped wing' generation, unable to leave the parent household due to the increased cost of living and hose prices. This forces them to be financially dependent on parents and prevents them learning personal responsibility and independence |
| How does Adult Responsibilities cause Childhood to Extend? | Children are taking longer to reach traditional adult milestones (Mortgaging a house, marriage, children etc) as they are instead entering a new 'leisurite' phase f life with no long term planning and earning money to spend on leisure |
| Give one evaluation for Education | Many adolescents work whilst they are in education and living at university encourages independence |
| Give one evaluation for Dependence | Many young people living with parents contribute to bills, work full time and have relationships separate from their parents |
| Give one evaluation for Adult Responsibilities | Many young people are mature, independent and responsible and are making decisions to wait until they can afford mortgages/children etc |
Created by:
Skyelark
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