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M2 Media
Selection and Presentation of Media
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the three ways that Owners influence Media Selection and Presentation | Direct Instructions to Editors, Encouraging Self Censorship, Encouraging Infotainment and Tabloidization |
| Explain Direct Instructions to Editors | The Law states that owners cannot directly instruct their editors on what to produce, however, the Sinclair News Group collected data that suggested that owners of newspapers do directly instruct their editors |
| Explain Encouraging Self Censorship | Editors and journalists will choose not to publish stories they know will contradict the will of the owners, they do not have to be directly told |
| Explain Encouraging Infotainment and Tabloidization | Pressure to attract audiences can lead to a focus on material that is easy to understand and entertaining rather than serious and critical |
| What is the definition of Infotainment? | News information is packaged in a friendly, unchallenging, bland and inoffensive way |
| What is Tabloidization? | News is sensationalised, less serious, focused on soaps, celebrity gossip and scandal, and other human interest stories |
| What is Citizen Journalism? | Individual members of the public collecting, reporting and disseminating news and media content |
| What caused Citizen Journalism? | Technological convergence into mobile phones and social media means that events are increasingly reported on even if the media are unaware or ignoring it |
| How do Advertisers influence the Selection and Presentation of Media? | Most mass media are privately owned businesses aiming to make profit from selling space to advertisers, this means that the content they produce must appeal to advertisers |
| How does the government influence the Selection and Presentation of Media? | Leaks, Press Conferences, Laws, Spin Doctors, Filtering |
| How does New Media influence the Selection and Presentation of Media? | Churnalism, Spectacle, 24 Hour News, Interactive, New Media is Content |
| What is meant by Spectacle? | Smart phones allow audiences to record entertaining footage and images to improve news stories and immersive smart phone screens encourage the news to be more entertaining |
| What is meant by 24 Hour News? | The constant availability of new media encourages the news to also be constantly available and up to date, this can lead to Churnalism |
| What is meant by Interactive? | Audiences expect news to be interactive, promoting controversial and entertaining stories to encourage audience engagement |
| What is meant by New Media is Content? | The content of new media can become the focus of news |
| Name two evaluations for Direct Instructions to News Editors | Journalists are active, they choose what to write. Owners wishes are irrelevant if they are not popular with audiences, owner controlled news will go out of business |
| Name two evaluations for Encouraging Self Censorship | There is evidence that owners directly instruct journalists on what to publish. Decreased circulation means journalists have to focus on content that will appeal to audiences, rather than owners |
| Name one evaluation for Encouraging Infotainment and Tabloidization | Much of news is still original investigative journalism and reporting |
| Name one evaluation for Citizen Journalism | Although individual members of society can create any content they want, they have already been raised to find certain content more newsworthy and important |
| Name one evaluation of Advertisers | If they withdraw, there will always be different companies willing to take their place |
| Name one evaluation of Government | If they try to restrict media content creators, then powerful owners will use their companies to change the opinion of voters |
| Name one evaluation of New Media | Audiences still consume news through traditional, physical media |
| According to Galtung and Ruge, what are the News Values? | Journalists and editors have certain beliefs and assumptions about events and what is considered 'newsworthy'. They are more likely to publish stories with the news values and highlight the news values within them |
| Name the nine News Values, according to Galtung and Ruge | High status, negativity, proximity, simple, predictable, spectacle, children, sex, violence |
| What is Gate Keeping, according to the Glasgow Media Group? | Journalists can filter entire topics from being disseminated, keeping information hidden from the public, particularly news that does not support the ruling class |
| According to the GMG, what is Agenda Setting? | Limiting the number of perspectives available on a news story by limiting the questions asked and the information presented. Journalists can decide the tone and way information is presented, controlling not only what we know but how we think about it |
| What is Norm Setting? | Journalists select news based on how it relates to the norms of society: promoting conformity and alienating non conformity. Stories where people do not conform are presented negatively |
| According to S.Cohen, what is Moral Panics? | Journalists often exaggerate or invent facts to create a moral panic: a wave of concern about an imagined threat to society. This can cause Deviancy Amplification |
| What is Deviancy Amplification? | The deviant behaviour becomes more common as people either: copy it, fight against those trying to stop them, play up the behaviour for attention |
| According to Davies, what is Churnalism? | Journalists will create low quality news, relying on prepackaged press releases, new media content and imitation, without independent research or fact checking, saving time |
| What are advertorials? | Information acting as news but actually serves as an advert |
| Give one evaluation for News Values | Corporate legacy media vs New Media: TV, newspapers and radio are irrelevant compared to new media |
| Give one evaluation for Gate Keeping | Post Modern Pluralists vs Marxists: Dispersed, anonymous, digital new media means content can never be truly censored - Citizen Journalism |
| Give one evaluation for Agenda Setting | Post Modern Pluralists vs Marxists: Journalists create content to be popular and chase audiences tastes, not control them |
| Give one evaluation for Norm Setting | Post Modern Pluralists vs Marxists: Audiences actively make their own decisions and interpretations of media |
| Give one evaluation for Churnalism | Cultural Optimists vs Cultural Pessimists: Journalists still use investigative journalism, spending time researching and exposing critical injustice and informative news |
| Give one evaluation for Moral Panics | McRobbie and Thornton: Audiences are more aware of media attempts to create anxiety to sell papers. Media saturation and new media mean people move on from stories quickly |
Created by:
Skyelark
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