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U.S History Unit 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Progressive Movement | Movement aimed to return control of the government to the people, restore economic opportunities, and correct injustices in American Life |
| Progressives | Americans who set out to tackle problems of their era |
| Characteristics of Progressives | Influenced by Populists, large city dwellers (Populists were farmers). Educated professionals; doctors. lawyers, clergy, teachers; with a wide range of concerns |
| Optimists | Believed the abuse of power by government and business could be stopped |
| Beliefs and Goals | New developments in technology and science could be used to improve business, government, education, and family life. Believed in capitalism; concerned about socialism and reactions to the effects of industrialization |
| Factors Aiding the Movement | Many progressives acted through national voluntary organizations . Centered in cities where much of the population was located. expanding telephone and telegraph systems. Inexpensive newspaper and magazines spread ideas |
| American Socialist Party | Organized in 1900 by Eugene V. Debs. Wanted to bring balance between big business, the government, and the workers |
| Workman's Compensation | Progressives succeeded in winning aid to families of workers who were hurt or killed on the job |
| Teddy Roosevelt | Trust controlled 4/5 of U.S Industries by 1900. Sought to curb trusts when they hurt the public, not all trusts were seen as bad. Filed 44 anti-trust suits. |
| History of the Stand Oil Company(Ida Tarbell) | Ruthless practices of Standard Oil |
| The Octopus (Frank Norris) | Monopolistic railroad practices in CA |
| Shame of the Cities (Lincoln Steffens) | Urban political corruption |
| How the Other Half Lives (Jacob Riis) | Life in NY tenements |
| The Jungle (Upton Sinclair) | Dangerous conditions in the meatpacking industry |
| 16th Amendment | Ratified in 1913, legalized a federal income tax that provided revenue by taxing profits and earnings. Taxed larger incomes at higher rates than smaller incomes. Began with a modest tax on incomes starting at $4,000. Currently represent government revenue |
| Anti-saloon League | Founded in 1895 and concentrated in closing saloons, Immigrants were angered when saloons were attacked because they filed many roles in immigrant communities |
| Women's Christian Temperance Movement | Promoted the banning of alcohol. Members entered saloons, sang, prayed, and urged saloom-keepers to stop selling their alcohol. The largest women's group in U.S history and hat 205,000 members in 1911 |
| Women's Suffrage | Susan B. Anthony a leader in the movement (1870's). Elizabeth C. Stanton, Lucy Stone and Julia Ward How. Only achieved modest success |
| Florence Kelley | Women and Children advocate. Helped pass Illinois Factory act 1893 that banned child labor and limited women's work hours |
| National Child Labor Committee | Progressive reformers sent teams of investigators to gather evidence of children working in harsh conditions and pressured the passing of the Keatins-Owens Act that prohibited goods transported produced with child labor |
| Muller v. Oregon (1908) | A state could legally limit working hours of women which was seen in the past as interfering with the freedom of contract |
| Bunting V. Oregon (1917) | Persuaded the court to uphold a ten hour workday for men |
| 17th Amendment | Direct election of senators as before 1914 the state legislature chose senators which gave party bosses and business owners more power. Senators now had to be more responsive to the public |
| Initiative | Bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers |
| Referendum | Voters either accepted or rejected the initiative |
| Recall | Enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term |
| Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) | Offered libraries, sponsored classes for adults, and built swimming pools and handball courts |
| Salvation Army | Fed the poor in soup kitchens, cared for children, converted oiir immigrants to the middle class values of hard work and temperance |
| Hull House | Settlement house opened by Jane Addams in Chicago. Inspired social activism in many women reformers |
| Theodore Roosevelt | Became president after Mckinley was assassinated in 1901. Elected again in 1904. Federal power should be used to police the people |
| Using Federal Power | Believed that the president had any powers not specifically denied to the executive in the constitution |
| 1902 Coal Strike | Both sides were called to the white house to talk by Roosevelt. He threatened to take over the mines with the army so the owner agreed to arbitration and workers won shorter hours and higher wages. |
| The Northern Securities Case | Roosevelt sued JP Morgan in 1904 and broke up the trust including the beef and oil trust |
| Hepburn Act 1906 | Strengthens the Interstate commerce Commission. Could set railroad shipping rates. Free Railroad passes are illegal |
| Elkins Act of 1903 | Illegal to give or receive Railroad rebates |
| Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906 | Passed because of the jungle |
| Conservation | Set up parks/ preserved wildlife(Yosemite National Park) |
| William Howard Taft | Busted more trust and set aside more land for conservation than Roosevelt |
| Payne Aldrich Tariff | Raised tariff on goods and signed by Taft which betrayed the progressive wing of his party |
| Election of 1912 | The Republican party split and the Bull Moose party is formed. Woodrow Wilson the democrat wins and endorsed a platform of stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffs |
| Election of 1912 | Republican Party: Tact Bull Moose Party: Roosevelt Socialist Party Eugene V. Debs |
| Clayton Anti-trust Act 1914 | Strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Labor and farm organizations had the right to exist and were not subject to anti-trust legislation |
| Federal Trade Act (1914) | Set up Federal Trade Commision (FTC) that investigated possible business violations. A 5 member watchdog agency |
| Underwood Tariff of 1913 | Substantially reduced tariff rates for the first time since the civil war |
| Federal Income Tax | 16th Amendment ratified in 1912, authorized federal income tax. Government received more money from the income taxes than tariffs |
| Federal Reserve Act 1913 | Divided the nation into 12 districts with a federal reserve bank. All national banks in the district were responsible for their bank. The banks could issue money in emergency situations |
| 19th Amendment (1919) | Granted women the right to vote 72 years after the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 |
| Civil Rights | Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson didn't deal with the issue of civil rights. Wilson resumed practice of segregating federal offices in Washington D.C |
| Imperialism | Policy in which stronger nations extend their markets culture, or increase control over weaker territories |
| American Imperialism | 1.Economic competition among industrial nations 2.Political and military competition; including a creation of a strong naval force 3. A belief in the racial and cultural superiority of Anglo-Saxon, people of England 4.Manifest Destiny was easily Overseas |
| U.S Takes Hawaii | US planters in Hawaii didn't want to pay sugar tariff. Prevent Hawaiian from losing control of their island. Mckinley became president and Hawaii was annexed as a U.S territory |
| Spanish-American-Cuban War | In 1895 Cuba revolted against Spanish rule. US came to the aid of Cuba by declaring war on Spain 3 years later. |
| Yellow Journalism | Newspaper that used big headlines, graphic pictures, and sensationalized writing. Publishers exaggerated the violence in Cuba |
| DeLome Letter | Spanish Minister to the US, Enriqued Lome wrote a letter that criticized President Mckinley. NY Journal published the letter and caused resentment because it said he was weak |
| Sinking of the Maine | USS Maine exploded and sunk killing 260 while being stationed in Cuba. Newspapers blamed Spain for the sinking |
| Splendid Little War | Lasted four months and U,S won every major battle. The fronts were Cuba and Puerto Rico and Philipppines |
| Splendid Little War Results | Treaty was signed in December 1898. Spain gave Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines to the US. Spain granted Cuba its independence |
| Roosevelt | Open door policy led to U.S involvement in a variety of areas |
| Russia-Japanese War | Russians v. Japanese over Korea |
| Treaty of Portsmouth | Russia got to keep Sakhalin Island . Japan got Manchuria, Korea and half of Sakhalin Island. Roosevelt won the 1906 Nobel Peace Price which created better relations with Japan |
| Panama Canal | Panama revolted against Columbia with the help of the U.S who then put an agreement such as Platt Amendment in Panama. |
| Panama Canal Construction | Thousands mostly African Americans died because of Malalria and Yellow Fever. Completed in 1914 and was great for trade but relations with Latin America worsened. Congress paid Columbia $25 Million |
| Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine | Debt problem in Latin America. Fear that debt would lead to colonization. U,S would have to intervene if debts were far overdue. U.S would be forced to do this because of the Monroe Doctrine |
| Dollar Diplomacy under Taft | U.S should protect business investments in Latin AMerica. U.S could force Latin American countries to repay loans to U.S banks by military force |
| Wilson | 1. No more dollar Diplomacy 2. Keep order in areas near US. Latin Americans disliked U.S policy 4.Mexico 5. Took direct control over the economy |
| War Industries Board (WIB) 1917 | Encouraged mass production and increased efficiency and eliminate waste. 1, Production Quotas 2. Raw materials allocated 3. Price controls at wholesale levels prices retail soared as did corporate profits wages stayed the same |
| National War Labor Board (1918) | Deal with disputes between labor and management. "Work or Fight" - draft exemptions lost for disobeying board decisions ban on child labor. Tried to improve working conditions with 8 hour workday |
| Selective Service Act (May 1917) | 10 million men registered and not a single riot, like during the civil war |
| Espionage Act 1917 | Outlawed any obstruction with draft registration and warefort. Banned anti-war material from the nation's nails, at the discretion of the U.S Post Office |
| The Sedition Act 1918 | Extended the Espionage Act to a harder sentence for speaking out against the form of government, warbounds, soldiers flag, or uniform of the Armed services |
| Schenck v. U.S 1919 | Secretary Schenck of the Socialist party was convicted under Espionage Act for distributing anti-draft leaflets. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality by saying First Amendment Freedom of Speech of was not absolute and could restricted if dangerous |
| Red Scare 1918-1920 Eugene Debs in jail | Communist Revolution 1917 brought a new government to Russia under Lenin. Russia withdrew from the war and made a separate treaty with Germany. Red Scare justified as communism spread across Europe. American rights were violated in Palmer Raids. |
| Anti-Immigrant Hysteria | Anti Immigrant feelings developed. Many German names changed and German heritage was oppressed |
| African Americans/Great Migration | Hundreds of thousands of southern blacks moved North to escape Jim Crow South |
| Women and Blacks both entered the war | Women moved into jobs formerly held by men, volunteered at the red , and some were active in peace movements |
| Long Term Causes of WWI | M=Militarism A=Alliance System I=Imperialism N=Nationalism |
| Short Term Causes of WWI | Balkan Peninsula being a powder Keg. The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand |
| Alliance System | Forces many nations into the war. Battle begins at Liese August 5, 1914 |
| Trench Warfare | Unsanitary condition, rats. Diseases were rampant: dysentery, trench foot, lice. Faced sniper fire if above tench. Soldiers spent 8 hours on duty and the rest on reserve. land between was No Man's land |
| New Types of Technology Used in War | U-Boat (undersea boats). Tanks, Poison Gas. Shell shock today as PTSD, Machine guns. Barbed Wire. Airplanes for spying |
| American Neutrality | Warin Europe did not believe. Follow Washington's belief of not being apart of permanent alliances. The U,S continues to trade with Europe |
| The Lusitania | On May 7, 1915 the ship was torpedoed by German submarines causing deaths of over 1,000 people including 128 Americans. |
| Long Range Causes of US Involvement | Sympathy for Great Britain and France. Britain blocking all German ports leaving only England and France to trade with. Fear of German power and economy, Security of the Atlantic and Latin America |
| Short Term reasons for War | Unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram being intercepted by British intelligence |
| Zimmerman Telegram | Written by Arthur Zimmermann. If Mexico declared on U.S than Germany would help win back Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. |
| Dissenters | People who actively opposed the majority view. Congress passed the Espionage Act in 1917 and the Sedition Act in 1918 to crack down on them. |
| Provisions of Espionage and Sedition Act | Heavy fines and imprisonment for helping enemies, interfering with recruitment, speaking against war bonds, urging resistance to U.S laws, using bad language about the American government or military uniform |
| U.S Joins The War | Factories being producing war materials, The food supply needs to be conserved. Women and minorities were given greater jobs opportunities |
| The Draft | The Selective Service Act in May 1917 required people 18 to 45 to register for military service. Names were packed at random fishbowls and 2.8 million of the 28 million were drafted |
| The Last Big Push | Germany launches a last ditch all out offensive in March 1918. Almost reached the French city of Paros. US Troops arrived in time to thwart the offensive and push it back. The Germans were pushed back to their original borders by September |
| Wilson 14 Points | No more making secret treaties. Recognize every nations right to freedom of the seas in peace and war (neutral nations trade and travel). Reduction of weapons. Changing the borders of European countries according to self-determination |
| League of Nations | A new international organization to keep peace between nations by fairly resolving disputes. European colonies in Africa, Asia, and Latin America were put under the organizations control |
| Treaty of Versailles | France got Alsace-Lorraine. Poland became independent and got part of Germany and Polish corridor. Germany lost all colonies. France gained control Saar Basin for 15 years. Germany had to pay for war and disband military and could not obtain war materials |
| Isolationists | Rejected the treaty because it caused too many commitment abroad |
| Reservationists | Accepted the treaty only if certain reservations were put in. Congress was afraid they would be drawn into a war they didn't approve of. |
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