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APHY 101 Exam3
Ch. 6 & 8 Bones, joints, and articulations
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| true or false, cartilage contains no blood vessels or nerves | true |
| cartilage is surrounded by what? | perichondrium (dense irregular connective tissue) that resists outward expansion |
| where is perichondrium not found? | in articular hyaline cartilage (cartilage found over the ends of long bones involved in joints) |
| what are the 2 types of cartilage associated with the skeleton? | hyaline and fibrocartilage, NOT elastic |
| hyaline cartilage has these characteristics | provides support, flexibility, and resilience; is the most abundant cartilage in the skeleton |
| which areas of cartilage is hyaline cartilage present? | articular & constal, respiratory (makes up larynx, reinforces air passages) & nasal |
| true or false, elastic cartilage is directly associated with the skeleton | false |
| fibrocartilage characteristics | highly compressed with great tensile strength, contains collagen fibers |
| where is fibrocartilage found | menisci of the knee and in intervertebral discs |
| growth of cartilage is 1 of 2 ways | appositional, interstitial |
| appositional growth of cartilage | cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage |
| interstitial growth of cartilage | lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within |
| calcification of cartilage occurs when? | during normal bone growth, and during old age e.g. knees |
| ectopic meaning | wrong place; often results from tissue damage (dystrophic calcification) or high levels of calcium |
| axial skeleton | bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage |
| appendicular skeleton | bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip (an appendage is a limb (upper or lower extremity)) |
| classification of bones by shape | long, short, sesamoid (form within tendons), flat (sternum and most skull bones), irregular (vertebrae, sphenoid bone, hip bones) |
| function of bones | support (framework supports body and cradles soft organs), protection, movement (levers for muscles), mineral storage (esp. calcium and phosphorus), blood cell formation within marrow cavities |
| bone markings | PROJECTIONS that help to form joints |
| DEPRESSIONS and OPENINGS allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass | meatus=canal-like passageway, sinus=cavity within a bone, fossa=shallow basin-like depression, groove=furrow, fissure=narrow slit-like opening, foramen/mina=round or oval opening through a bone |
| bone textures within the gross anatomy of bones | compact/lamellar (dense outer layer), spongy (honeycomb of trabeculae with space between filled with yellow or red bone marrow) |
| true or false, spongy bone is soft like a sponge | false |
| other names for spongy bone | DWTSC Dancing with the Stars Clumsily: Diploe (not a good term if it is long bone), woven, trabecular, spongy, cancellous (aka trabecular or spongy) |
| diaphysis of long bone | tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones, composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity, with yellow bone marrow (fat) contained there [can be red in children as it actively makes RBCs] |
| epiphysis of long bones | expanded ends of long bones, exterior ir compact bone, and interior is spongy bone; joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage; epiphyseal line separates the diaphysis from the epiphyses |
| true or false, the only arm bone is the humerus | true |
| where and what are the perforating (Sharpey's) fibers? | securing the periosteum to the shaft of the long bone; made of collagen |
| true or false, periosteum is a single layer of membrane | false, it is a double-layered membrane |
| periosteum's 2 layers | outer fibrous layer of dense regular connective tissue; inner osteogenic layer of osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| How does the periosteum get its nutrients? | it is richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels, which enter the bone via nutrient foramina |
| what is the other bone membrane besides periosteum? | endosteum |
| what is the endosteum? | delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone |
| structure of short, irregular, and flat bones | thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered spongy bone (diploe) on the inside; contain bone marrow between the trabeculae |
| true or false: short, irregular and flat bones have no diaphysis or epiphyses | true |
| location of hematopoietic tissue (red marrow) | in infants: medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone; in adults: found in the diploe of flat bones, and the head of femur and and humerus |
| red marrow note on anemics | anemics may go from yellow back to red marrow |
| what is the structural unit of compact bone? | a Haversian system, aka osteon |
| what comprises an osteon? | lamellae, central (Haversian) canal, and Volkmann's canals |
| lamellae | weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen p. 183 |
| Haversian or central canal | central channel containing blood vessels and nerves |
| Volkmann's canals | channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal |
| what structures are around osteons? | osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells |
| lacunae | small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes Fig. 6.6b and 6.6c |
| canaliculi | hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal |
| canaliculi function | allow sequestered osteocytes to pass nutrients, oxygen, and chemical message to each other |
| organic chemical components of bone | osteoblasts, osteocytes that maintain bone structure, osteoclasts, and osteoid secreted by osteoblasts |
| osteoid | unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and COLLAGEN. osteoid is the organic component of bone that makes it slightly flexible and not so brittle |
| inorganic chemical components of bone | hydroxyapatites, or mineral salts making up 65% of bone by mass--mainly calcium phosphates |
| hydroxyapatites function | the inorganic compoment of bone responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression |
| PROJECTIONS sites of muscle and ligament attachment (1 of 2) | tuberosity=rounded projection crest=narrow prominent ridge of bone trochanter=large, blunt, irregular surface line=narrow ridge of bone less prominent than a crest |
| PROJECTIONS sites of muscle and ligament attachment (2 of 2) | tubercle=small rounded projection smaller than trochanters epicondyle=raised area above condyle spine=sharp slender projection process=any bony prominence |
| bone development takes place by which process (2 names)? | osteogenesis and ossification - formation and calcification |
| bone development leads to 3 points: | formation of the bony skeleton in embryos, bone growth until early adulthood, bone thickness/modeling/repair |
| formation of the bony skeleton begins at what week of embryo development? | week 8 |
| what are the two ways bony skeleton develops? | intramembranous and endochondral ossification |
| what is intramembranous ossification? | bone develops from a fibrous membrane |
| what is endochondral ossification? | bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage |
| intramembranous ossification is responsible for? | formation of most of the flat bones of the skull and the clavicles |
| in intramembranous ossification, its fibrous connective tissue membranes are formed by? | mesenchymal cells |
| what're the first 2 stages of intramembranous ossification? | 1 an ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane; 2, bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane |
| what are the last 2 stages of intramembranous ossification? | 3, woven bone and periosteum form; 4, bone collar of compact bone forms, and red marrow appears |
| endrochondral ossification begins when? | second month of development |
| what does endrochondral ossification use for bone construction? | uses hyaline cartilage "bones" as models for bone construction (! requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification) |
| what are the 1st and 2nd of 5 stages of endrochondral ossification? | 1, formation of bone collar; 2, CAVITATION of the hyaline cartilage (deterioration to make a cavity/space) |
| what are the 3rd and 4th of 5 stages of endrochondral ossification? | 3, invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud, and spongy bone formation; 4, formation of the medullary cavity; appearance of secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses |
| what is the 5th of 5 stages of endrochondral ossification? | ossification of the epiphyses, with hyaline cartilage remaining only in the epiphyseal plates |
| what happens in postnatal bone growth? | growth in length of long bones |
| postnatal bone growth note 1 | cartilage on the side of the epiphyseal plate closest to the epiphysis is relative inactive |
| postnatal bone growth note 2 | cartilage abutting the shaft of the bone organizes into a pattern that allows fast, efficient growth |
| postnatal bone growth note 3 | cells of the epiphyseal plate proximal to the resting cartilage form three functionally different zones: growth, transformation, and osteogenic |
| 3 functional zones in long bone growth | growth zone, transformation zone, osteogenic zone |
| what happens in the growth zone? | cartilage cells undergo mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis |
| what happens in the transformation zone? | older cells enlarge, the matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, and the matrix begins to deteriorate |
| what happens in the osteogenic zone? | new bone formation occurs |
| what are the 5 zones of growth in length of long bones? | resting, proliferation, hypertrophic, calcification, ossification |
| where is the resting zone? | closest to epiphysis |
| what happens in the growth (proliferation) zone? | cartilage cells undergo mitosis |
| what happens in the hypertrophic zone? | older cartilage cells enlarge |
| what happens in the calcification zone? | matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, matrix begins deteriorating |
| what happens in the ossification (osteogenic) zone? | new bone formation is occurring |
| long bone growth and remodeling | growth in length - cartilage continually grows and is replaced by bone as shown; remodeling - bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth as shown |
| during infancy and childhood, epiphyseal plate activity is stimulated by what? | growth hormone released by anterior pituitary |
| what do testosterone and estrogens do during puberty? | initially promote adolescent growth spurts, cause masculinization and feminization of specific parts of the skeleton, and later induce epiphyseal plate closure, ending longitudinal bone growth |
| bone remodeling units | adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts deposit and resorb bone at periosteal and endosteal surfaces |
| where does bone deposition occur? | where bone is injured or added strength is needed (Wolff's law!) |
| what does bone deposition require? | requires a diet rich in protein, vitamins C, D, A, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese |
| why is protein important in bone deposition? | Protein is essential for bone deposition because it constitutes roughly 50% of bone volume and one-third of its mass, providing the necessary organic matrix (collagen) for mineral deposition. |
| what enzyme is essential for mineralization of bone? | alkaline phosphatase |
| what cell accomplishes bone resorption? | osteoclasts |
| what are resorption bays? | grooves formed by osteoclasts as they break down bone matrix |
| in resorption, osteoclasts secrete what? | lysosomal enzymes that digest organic matrix & acids that convert calcium salts into soluble forms |
| note about bone resorption | dissolved matrix is transcytosed across the osteoclast's cell where it is secreted into the interstitial fluid and then into the blood |
| importance and necessity of calcium in the body (5 things): | transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, blood coagulation(!), secretion by glands and nerve cells, cell division |
| what two control loops regulate bone remodeling? | hormonal mechanism maintains calcium homeostasis in the blood; mechanical and gravitational forces acting on the skeleton |
| hormonal mechanism to lower Ca2+ | rising blood Ca2+ levels trigger thyroid to release calcitonin; calcitonin stimulates calcium salt from blood to deposition into bone |
| high blood calcium is called? | hypercalcemia, dangerous because heart can go into cardiac arrest if it goes flaccid and refuses to contract |
| hormonal mechanism to raise blood Ca2+ | falling calcium levels in blood signals parathyroid glands to release PTH, AND tells body to produce calcitriol (activated vitamin D); PTH and calcitriol both signal osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood |
| low blood calcium is called? | hypocalcemia, dangerous because it causes muscles like larynx muscles to contract spasmodically; laryngospasm can cut off one's air supply (asphyxiation) |
| Fig. 6.11 | on the left when blood calcium is too high, thyroid gland is triggered and calcitonin is released; on the right when calcium blood is too low, PT glands release PTH and osteoclasts claw/release calcium into the blood |
| what law summarizes the bone's response to mechanical stress | Wolff's law |
| Wolff's law says what? | bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands put on it |
| Observations supporting Wolff's law: | long bones are thickest midway along the shaft where bending stress is greatest, curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle |
| Notes IRL about Wolff's law | dental braces take advantage of this property, and astronauts must limit their mission times |
| True or False, teeth are bones | False, and they cannot regenerate themselves |
| what is the body's response to mechanical stress? | trabeculae form along lines of stress, and large, bony projections occur where heavy, active muscles attach |
| Fig. 6.12, where is the load on the femur? | on the head |
| Fig. 6.12, where is the point of no stress? | right at the green arrow below the surgical neck... |
| bone fractures are classified by what 4 things? | the position of the bones' ends after fracture; the completeness of the break, the orientation of the fracture to the long axis; whether the bones' ends penetrate the skin |
| what 2 types of positions can bones' ends be after fracture? | nondisplaced (normal position) or displaced (bone ends are out of normal alignment) |
| what 2 types of positions can bones have depending on completeness of the break? | complete (broken all the way through), incomplete (not) |
| what are the 2 types of bone fractures depending on orientation to the long axis? | linear (fracture is parallel to long axis), transverse (perpendicular to the long axis) |
| what are the 2 types of fracture classification depending on whether the bone ends penetrate the skin? | open (compound) or closed (simple) where bone ends do not penetrate skin |
| 6 common types of fractures | comminuted, spiral, depressed, compression, epiphyseal, greenstick |
| comminuted fracture | bone fragments into 3+ pieces, common in elderly because their bones are more brittle |
| spiral fracture | ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common sports injury |
| depressed fracture | broken bone portion pressed inward; typical skull fracture |
| compression fracture | bone is crushed, common in porous bones subjected to trauma such as vertebra in a fall |
| epiphyseal fracture | epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate; occurs where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occurring |
| greenstick fracture | common in children; incomplete fracture where one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends |
| stages in the healing of a bone fracture | Hematoma formation; fibrocartilaginous callus forms; bony callus formation; bone remodeling |
| what happens in hematoma formation? | torn blood vessels hemorrhage, a mass of clotted blood (hematoma) forms at the fracture site, site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed |
| what happens in fibrocartilaginous callus formation? | fibrocartilaginus callus forms, granulation tissue (soft callus) forms a few days after the fracture, capillaries grow into the tissue and phagocytic cells begin cleaning debris |
| what happens in textbook fibrocartilaginous callus formation? | within days, blood vessels grow into clot. Fibro- & chondroblasts invade from periosteum&endosteum. fibroblasts secrete a cartilaginous matrix bulging externally; later calcifies; this callus spans break and connects the broken ends as a splint |
| what happens in the powerpoint fibrocartilaginous callus formation? | osteo-+fibroblasts migrate to fracture & begin reconstxn; fibroblasts secrete collagen tht connect broken bone ends; osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone; osteoblasts furthest from capillaries secrete externally bulging matrix that calcifies |
| what happens in bony callus formation? | new bone trabeculae appear in the fibrocartilaginous callus; it converts into a bony (hard) callus; bone callus begins 3-4 weeks after injury, and continues till firm union is formed 2-3 months later |
| what happens in bone remodeling? | excess material on the bone shaft exterior and in the medullary canal is removed; compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls |
| true or false: compact bone is laid down during the last stage of bone fracture healing | true |
| homeostatic imbalances include these conditions: | osteomalacia, rickets, osteoporosis |
| osteomalacia is caused by? | inadequate mineralization due to insufficient calcium in the diet or by vitamin D deficiency |
| rickets results in? | soft, weakened, inadequately mineralized bones of children causing bowed legs and deformities of the pelvis, skull, and rib cage are common. same cause as osteomalacia |
| facts about rickets | essentially eliminated in the US, and only isolated cases appear; ex., infants of breastfeeding mothers deficient in vitamin D will also be deficient and develop rickets |
| osteoporosis | group of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit, and spongy bone of the spine is most vulnerable |
| osteoporosis occurs most often in whom? | postmenopausal women--bones become so fragile that sneezing or stepping off a curb can cause fractures |
| osteoporosis treatment | calcium and vitamin D supplements, increased weight-bearing exercise prevents best |
| powerpoint claim about hormone replacement therapy | that estrogen slows bone loss at risk of cancers of female reproductive organs (!) |
| osteoporosis cream treatment | natural progesterone cream prompts new bone growth |
| osteoporosis statins treatment | statins increase bone mineral density |
| another name for joints | articulations |
| true or false: joints are the strongest parts of the skeleton | false, they are the weakest parts of the skeleton |
| 2 functions of joints | give the skeleton mobility & hold the skeleton together |
| the 3 structural classifications of joints (focuses on the binding material and whether a joint cavity is present) | fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial |
| the 3 FUNCTIONAL classifications of joints | synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses ------ immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable |
| fibrous joints (structure) are | joined by fibrous tissues, NO joint cavity, and most are immovable (synarthrotic) |
| 3 types of fibrous joints | sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses |
| 3 types of sutures | plane/butt, squamous, serrate |
| sutures characteristics | occur between bones of the skull, comprised of interlocking junctions completely filled with connective tissue fibers; bind bones tightly together but allow for growth during youth |
| what are they called when skull bones fuse in middle age? | synostoses |
| syndesmoses characteristics | connected by a fibrous tissue ligament, movement varies from immovable to slightly variable; ex.) connection between tibia/fibula, and radius/ulna |
| gomphoses characteristics | peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket; the fibrous connection is the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT "gum"phosis |
| cartilaginous joints characteristics | articulating bones are united by cartilage as a definition; NO joint cavity; have 2 types |
| 2 types of cartilaginous joints | synchrodroses and symphyses |
| synchondroses characteristics | bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones; ALL SYNCHONDROSES ARE SYNARTHROTIC = immovable ex.) epiphyseal plates of children, and joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum |
| symphyses characteristics | hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage; AMPHIARTHROTIC designed for strength and flexibility ex.) intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis (enhanced during pregnancy) |
| synovial joints characterized by? | articulating bones separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity; ALL ARE DIARTHROTIC = freely movable, ex.) all limb joints and most bodily joints |
| 5 characteristics of synovial joint structure | articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, and reinforcing ligaments |
| skull joint | cranial and facial bones articulating; are fibrous; suture; synarthrotic; no movement |
| temporomandibular joint | temporal bone of skull and mandible articulating; synovial; modified hinge (structurally bicondylar); contains articular disc |
| atlanto-occipital joint | occipital bone of skull and atlas articulating; synovial; condyloid; diarthrotic, biaxial, flexion, extension, lateral flexion, circumduction of head on neck |
| atlantoaxial joint | atlas (C1) and axis (C2) articulating; synovial; pivot; diarthrotic, uniaxial, rotation of the head |
| intervertebral joint between adjacent vertebral bodies | cartilaginous; symphysis; amphiarthrotic, slight movement |
| intervertebral joint between articular processes | synovial; plane; diarthrotic, gliding |
| vertebrocostal joint | vertebrae (transverse processes or bodies) and ribs articulating; synovial; plane; diarthrotic, gliding of ribs |
| sternoclavicular joint | sternum and clavicle articulating; synovial; shallow saddle (contains articular disc); diarthrotic; multiaxial (allows clavicle to move in all axes) |
| sternocostal joint between sternum and rib 1 | cartilaginous; synchondrosis; synarthrotic; no movement |
| sternocostal joint between sternum and ribs 2-7 | synovial; double plane; diarthrotic; gliding |
| acromioclavicular joint | acromion of scapula and clavicle articulating; synovial; plane (contains articular disc); diarthrotic, gliding and rotation of scapula on clavicle |
| shoulder joint (glenohumeral) | scapula and humerus articulating; synovial; ball and socket; diarthrotic; multiaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation of humerus |
| elbow joint | ulna (and radius) articulating with humerus; synovial; hinge; diarthrotic; uniaxial, flexion, extension of forearm |
| radioulnar joint (proximal) | synovial; pivot; diarthrotic; uniaxial; rotation of radius around long axis of forearm to allow pronation and supination |
| radioulnar joint (distal) | synovial; pivot (contains articular disc); diarthrotic; uniaxial; rotation (convex head of ulna rotates in ulnar notch of radius) |
| wrist joint (radiocarpal) | radius and proximal carpals articulating; synovial; condyloid; diarthrotic; biaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction of hand |
| intercarpal joint | adjacent carpals articulating; synovial; plane; diarthrotic; gliding |
| carpometacarpal joint of digit 1 (thumb) | carpal (trapezium) and metacarpal 1 articulating; synovial; saddle; diarthrotic; biaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumdution, opposition of metacarpal 1 |
| carpometacarpal joint of digits 2-5 | synovial; plane; diarthrotic, gliding of metacarpals |
| knuckle joint (metacarpophalangeal) | metacarpal and proximal phalanx articulating; synovial; condyloid; diarthrotic; biaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction of fingers |
| finger joint (interphalangeal) | adjacent phalanges articulating; synovial; hinge; diarthrotic, uniaxial; flexion, extension of fingers |
| sacroiliac joint | sacrum and coxal bone articulating; synovial; plane in childhood, increasingly fibrous in adult; diarthrotic in child; amphiarthrotic in adult; more movement during pregnancy |
| pubic symphysis joint | pubic bones articulating; cartilaginous; symphysis; amphiarthrotic; slight movement (enhanced in pregnancy) |
| hip (coxal) joint | hip bone and femur articulating; synovial; ball and socket; diarthrotic; multiaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, cirumduction of thigh |
| knee (tibiofemoral) joint | femur and tibia articulating; synovial; modified hinge (contains articular discs); diarthrotic, biaxial, flexion, extension of leg, some rotation allowed |
| knee (femoropatellar) joint | femur and patella articulating; synovial; plane; diarthrotic; gliding of patella |
| tibiofibular joint (proximally) | synovial; plane; diarthrotic; gliding of fibula |
| tibiofibular joint (distally) | fibrous, syndesmosis (connected by ligaments); synarthrotic; slight "give" during dorsiflexion |
| ankle joint | tibia and fibula with talus articulating; synovial; hinge; diarthrotic; uniaxial; dorsiflexion, and plantar flexion of foot |
| intertarsal joint | adjacent tarsals articulating; synovial; plane; diarthrotic; gliding; inversion and eversion of foot |
| tarsometatarsal joint | tarsal(s) and metatarsal(s) articulating; synovial; plane; diarthrotic; gliding of metatarsals |
| metatarsophalangeal joint | metatarsal and proximal phalanx articulating; synovial; condyloid; diarthrotic; biaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction of great toe |
| toe joint (interphalangeal) | adjacent phalanges articulating; synovial; hinge; diarthrotic; uniaxial; flexion; extension of toes |
| synovial joints as having which friction-reducing structures? | bursae and tendon sheaths |
| bursae | flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid, common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons or bones rub together |
| tendon sheath | elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon like in the digits |
| stability in synovial joints is determined by which 3 things? | articular surfaces, ligaments, and muscle tendons |
| shape determines what movements are possible in __? | articular surfaces |
| what unites bones and prevents excessive or undesirable motion? | ligaments |
| what crosses joints and helps to stabilize them? | muscle tendons |
| what are the 4 ranges of motions for synovial joints? | nonaxial (slipping movements only), uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial (all 3 planes) |
| one flat bone surface slipping over another similar surface describes what kind of movement? | gliding |
| examples of gliding movements | intercarpal and intertarsal joints, and between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae |
| plane joint characteristics | articular surfaces are essentially flat; allow only slipping or gliding movements; are the ONLY examples of nonaxial joints |
| hinge joint characteristics | cylindrical projections of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another; motion is along a single plane; uniaxial joints permit flexion and extension only |
| hinge joint examples | elbow and interphalagneal joints |
| pivot joint characteristics | rounded end of one bone protrudes into a "sleeve" or ring, composed of bone (and possibly ligaments of another; ONLY UNIXIAL MOVEMENT ALLOWED |
| pivot joint examples | joint between the ATLAS and the dens (altantoaxial joint), and the proximal radioulnar joint |
| axles examples... | shoulder multiaxial, elbow uniaxial, thumb and metacarpal biaxial, carpals nonaxial |
| condyloid or ellipsoidal joints characteristics | oval articular surface of one fits into a complementary depression in another; both articular surfaces are oval; BIAXIAL joints permit all angular motions |
| condyloid joint examples | radiocarpal (wrist) joints, and metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joint |
| saddle joint characteristics | similar to condyloid joints but allow greater movement; each articular surface has both a concave and a convex surface, ex.) carpometacarpal joint of thumb |
| ball and socket joint characteristics | spherical or hemispherical head of one articulates with a cuplike socket of another; MULTIAXIAL joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints |
| ball and socket joint examples | shoulder and hip joints |
| the 6.5 angular movements | flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, abduction, adduction, circumduction |
| dorsiflexion | upwards movement of foot towards shin |
| plantar flexion | downwards movement of the foot (pointing toes) |
| circumduction | cone in space -- actually a combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction sequentially |
| gliding example | flat hand moving at wrist side to side |
| what is the extreme opposite of flexion? | hyperextension |
| rotation is? | the turning of a bone around its own long axis |
| rotation examples | between first two vertebrae; hip and shoulder joints |
| special movements include 5 pairs of movements | supination/pronation, inversion/eversion of foot, protraction and retraction of mandible, elevation/depression of shoulders or mandible, opposition of thumb and reposition |
| supination | radius and ulna are parallel |
| pronation | radius rotates over ulna |
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