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C1 Crime
Perspectives explanations of crime within Sociology
| According to the Functionalist, Durkheim, what is Law? | The laws of society are formal, explicit versions of the Collective Conscience and Norms and Values that allows society to function |
| How does the Functionalist, Durkheim, believe Social Order is maintained? | Through keeping individuals socialised to the Collective Conscience |
| What is the Collective Conscience? | The agreement of what is right and wrong. The Collective Conscience is achieved through Organic Solidarity - Cohesion based on interdependence and shared individualism |
| What does the Functionalist Durkheim believe about crime? | Crime and deviance is necessary and inevitable. 4 positive roles in society: Reaffirms the Boundaries of society, Acts as a Warning Device for the government to know where society is failing, Strengthens Social Cohesion, Adaption and Change |
| What does the Functionalist, Durkheim, believe would happen if there is an excessive amount of crime? | Can cause Anomie - a breakdown in Norms and Values and lack of Solidarity within society |
| According to the Functionalist, Merton, why do some members of society commit crime? | All members of society share the same collective goals: to live comfortably and access consumer goods and have status. Strain is caused when individuals cannot achieve societies goals without breaking norms, leading to crime |
| True or False, the Functionalist, Merton, believes that society is unequal | TRUE - Societies have unequal structure which causes an unequal access to opportunities, which causes strain |
| What are the four levels of Strain that the Functionalist Merton suggests? | Conformity - No need to commit crime, completed the goals, Innovation - Crime needed to achieve goals, Ritualism - No crime, don't care about achieving goals but will follow societies means, Rebellion - Crime, want to change society |
| According to the Functionalist, Hirschi, why do some members of society commit crime? | Social Bonds of Control: People commit crime when they are not integrated into society |
| Name the four ways someone can be integrated into society according to the Functionalist, Hirschi | Attachment - Care about other people's opinions and wishes, Commitment - Invested a lot into lives and have a lot to lose, Involvement - Opportunity to commit crime, Belief - in the rules and rights of society |
| According to the Functionalist, A. Cohen, why do young men commit crime? | Delinquent Boys Subculture: Minority and Working Class Lads often feel Status Frustration causing them to adopt values opposite to those of society. Non Utilitarian crime is committed to gain status |
| Why is A. Cohen's Delinquent Boys Subculture theory considered to be an improvement on Merton's Strain theory? | Explains why Non Utilitarian crime occurs and why patterns of crime suggest that Working Class males are more likely to commit crime |
| According to the Functionalists, Cloward and Ohlin, why do the Working Class commit crime? | Working Class Illegitimate Subculture: When entire communities cannot achieve society's goals they will form their own subculture with their own norms and values. Different subcultures will commit different crimes depending on the local opportunity |
| According to the Functionalists, Cloward and Ohlin, what are the three illegitimate criminal subcultures? | Organised - Criminal subcultures with hierarchies and social stability, Conflict - violence and street crime and no social stability, Retreatist - no opportunity, desire or skill, retreats into drink/drugs |
| According to the Functionalist, Miller, why do the Working Class commit crime? | Working Class Male Focal Concern: Working Class males have their own distinct subcultural values. Smartness, Toughness, Trouble, Autonomy. These values cause Working Class Males to seek conflict and engage in conflict illegitimately |
| What does the Marxist, Bonger, mean by Capitalism is Crimogenic? | Crime is naturally and inevitably caused by Capitalism. Capitalistic values such as self interest and consumerism, and inequality within Capitalism cause crime to occur |
| What does the Marxist, Bonger, mean by Capitalism causes Social Exclusion? | Capitalism will inevitably cause relative poverty, causing groups to be permanently unable to access the benefits of society. Frustration from Social Exclusion causes crime as excluded groups need to commit crime to survive |
| What does the Marxist, Chambliss, mean by The Law Reflects Ruling Class Interests? | The law is based on the values of the Ruling Class and benefit only the ruling class, most laws focus on property crime, rarely regulate businesses who exploit the Working Class, and there is unequal access to the law |
| What does the Marxist, Spitzer, suggest about Law Enforcement? | Selective Law Enforcement: Law is not enforced or applied equally to all in society, laws protecting the Ruling Class are strictly enforced, laws that protect the Working Class aren't. Police target Working Class areas, with more aggression and suspicion |
| How does Selective Law Enforcement benefit the Bourgeoisie | Neutralising the working class that are opposing the status quo, Remove the people who are suffering to where the can't be seen, Focus attention away from the crimes of the Upper Classes - White Collar, Corporate etc |
Created by:
Skyelark
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