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C1 Crime PT 1
Perspectives explanations of crime, Functionalism, Marxism, Interactionism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| According to the Functionalist, Durkheim, what is Law? | The laws of society are formal, explicit versions of the Collective Conscience and Norms and Values that allows society to function |
| How does the Functionalist, Durkheim, believe Social Order is maintained? | Through keeping individuals socialised to the Collective Conscience |
| What is the Collective Conscience? | The agreement of what is right and wrong. The Collective Conscience is achieved through Organic Solidarity - Cohesion based on interdependence and shared individualism |
| What does the Functionalist Durkheim believe about crime? | Crime and deviance is necessary and inevitable. 4 positive roles in society: Reaffirms the Boundaries of society, Acts as a Warning Device for the government to know where society is failing, Strengthens Social Cohesion, Adaption and Change |
| What does the Functionalist, Durkheim, believe would happen if there is an excessive amount of crime? | Can cause Anomie - a breakdown in Norms and Values and lack of Solidarity within society |
| According to the Functionalist, Merton, why do some members of society commit crime? | All members of society share the same collective goals: to live comfortably and access consumer goods and have status. Strain is caused when individuals cannot achieve societies goals without breaking norms, leading to crime |
| True or False, the Functionalist, Merton, believes that society is unequal | TRUE - Societies have unequal structure which causes an unequal access to opportunities, which causes strain |
| What are the four levels of Strain that the Functionalist Merton suggests? | Conformity - No need to commit crime, completed the goals, Innovation - Crime needed to achieve goals, Ritualism - No crime, don't care about achieving goals but will follow societies means, Rebellion - Crime, want to change society |
| According to the Functionalist, Hirschi, why do some members of society commit crime? | Social Bonds of Control: People commit crime when they are not integrated into society |
| Name the four ways someone can be integrated into society according to the Functionalist, Hirschi | Attachment - Care about other people's opinions and wishes, Commitment - Invested a lot into lives and have a lot to lose, Involvement - Opportunity to commit crime, Belief - in the rules and rights of society |
| According to the Functionalist, A. Cohen, why do young men commit crime? | Delinquent Boys Subculture: Minority and Working Class Lads often feel Status Frustration causing them to adopt values opposite to those of society. Non Utilitarian crime is committed to gain status |
| Why is A. Cohen's Delinquent Boys Subculture theory considered to be an improvement on Merton's Strain theory? | Explains why Non Utilitarian crime occurs and why patterns of crime suggest that Working Class males are more likely to commit crime |
| According to the Functionalists, Cloward and Ohlin, why do the Working Class commit crime? | Working Class Illegitimate Subculture: When entire communities cannot achieve society's goals they will form their own subculture with their own norms and values. Different subcultures will commit different crimes depending on the local opportunity |
| According to the Functionalists, Cloward and Ohlin, what are the three illegitimate criminal subcultures? | Organised - Criminal subcultures with hierarchies and social stability, Conflict - violence and street crime and no social stability, Retreatist - no opportunity, desire or skill, retreats into drink/drugs |
| According to the Functionalist, Miller, why do the Working Class commit crime? | Working Class Male Focal Concern: Working Class males have their own distinct subcultural values. Smartness, Toughness, Trouble, Autonomy. These values cause Working Class Males to seek conflict and engage in conflict illegitimately |
| What does the Marxist, Bonger, mean by Capitalism is Criminogenic? | Crime is naturally and inevitably caused by Capitalism. Capitalistic values such as self interest and consumerism, and inequality within Capitalism cause crime to occur |
| What does the Marxist, Bonger, mean by Capitalism causes Social Exclusion? | Capitalism will inevitably cause relative poverty, causing groups to be permanently unable to access the benefits of society. Frustration from Social Exclusion causes crime as excluded groups need to commit crime to survive |
| What does the Marxist, Chambliss, mean by The Law Reflects Ruling Class Interests? | The law is based on the values of the Ruling Class and benefit only the ruling class, most laws focus on property crime, rarely regulate businesses who exploit the Working Class, and there is unequal access to the law |
| What does the Marxist, Spitzer, suggest about Law Enforcement? | Selective Law Enforcement: Law is not enforced or applied equally to all in society, laws protecting the Ruling Class are strictly enforced, laws that protect the Working Class aren't. Police target Working Class areas, with more aggression and suspicion |
| How does Selective Law Enforcement benefit the Bourgeoisie | Neutralising the working class that are opposing the status quo, Remove the people who are suffering to where the can't be seen, Focus attention away from the crimes of the Upper Classes - White Collar, Corporate etc |
| According to the Neo Marxist, Gilroy, what is Symbolic Resistance? | The working class commit crime to show the bourgeoisie that they do not have full hegemonic control. The message behind the crime is more important than what the crime actually physically achieves |
| According to the Neo Marxist, Taylor's, Full Social Theory of Deviance, how is crime explained? | Focus on wider social factors and individual interactions, as well as the cause and reaction to crime. |
| What are Wider Social Origins and Reactions according to the Full Social Theory of Deviance? | Large social factors like class, poverty, gender, that cause groups to commit crime |
| What are Individual Interactions according to the Full Social Theory of Deviance? | Individuals thoughts, personal motives, relationships, with individuals, that lead to an individual committing a crime |
| What is a Cause according to the Full Social Theory of Deviance? | The events that lead up to an individual committing a crime |
| What is a Reaction according to the Full Social Theory of Deviance? | How groups and individuals are treated once they are associated with criminality |
| What four aspects of the cause of crime does someone need to understand according to the Full Social Theory of Deviance? | Wider society cause, individual interaction cause, individual interaction reaction, wider society reaction |
| According to the Neo Marxist, Hall, how is crime responded to? | Policing the Crisis: The bourgeoisie uses scapegoats, like minorities, to distract and divide the working class, to prevent them realising that class was the main issue for their suffering |
| What occurred in the 1960s according to the Policing the Crisis theory? | A 'crisis of capitalist hegemony', people began to rebel and question norms and capitalism. The bourgeoisie scapegoated black males by creating the fear of the 'black mugger' to divide the working class and distract them from class division and inequality |
| According to the Neo Marxist, S. Cohen, how is Moral Panics a response to crime? | A moral panic is a wave of public concern about a fabricated threat. The bourgeoisie creates moral panic to excuse greater control and stronger Repressive State Apparatus and distract the proletariats from noticing harmful crimes of the bourgeoisie |
| According to the Interactionist, Becker's theory of No Objective Deviance, how are sociologists studying crime wrong and why? | Sociologists should study the label of crime and the response to it, not the act of crime. There is no real cause because everyone acts in a criminally deviant way. The only difference between criminals and non criminals is the label placed upon them. |
| According to Interactionists, crime is a social fact, true or false? | False - Crime is considered to be a Social Construct by Interactionists |
| According to the Interactionist, Becker, what is a Moral Entrepreneur? | Individuals who 'crusade' to change laws, norms, values and definitions of 'deviance' in society. Moral Entrepreneurs often don't use rational arguments. They will label a behaviour as deviant and crusade to convince others the same. |
| What are three reasons that Moral Entrepreneurs crusade to make change, according to Becker? | To benefit themselves, to benefit a specific group, to benefit all of society |
| According to the Interactionist, Lemert, what is Primary and Secondary Deviance? | Primary Deviance - the actual rule breaking that may not always be publicly known. Secondary Deviance - The deviance that follows due to labels |
| True or False, the Interactionist, Lemert, believes that everyone commits primary deviance, but only some commit secondary | True - Everyone commits primary deviance, but it doesn't always get discovered, once an individual is labelled as a criminal, they are more likely to commit more crime: Secondary deviance |
| True or False, the Interactionist, Lemert, believes that doing a deviant act makes people a criminal. | False - It is only the way that people react to deviant behaviour that makes someone a criminal. Sometimes an individual can be charged and sentenced as a criminal, but will still not be thought of as criminal |
| According to the Interactionist, Young, what is Master Status? | When the criminal label overrides all other aspects of identity until it becomes their main, dominant, identity. People are more likely to behave in a way that matches their identity, so a criminal Master Status can make someone become even more criminal |
| According to the Interactionist, Brathwaite, what is Disintegrative and Reintegrative Shaming? | The effects of a negative label depend on how it is applied. Disintegrative shaming - Applying the deviant label to the individual and not the action. Reintegrative shaming - Applying the deviant label to the action and not the individual. |
| True or False, Reintegrative Shaming can cause an individual to commit more crime | False - Disintegrative Shaming can lead to the individual being more likely to commit crime |
| According to Akers, why is Interactionism bad for explaining crime? | Interactionism doesn't explain why some behaviours are labelled as deviant in the first place |
| According to Liazos, why is Interactionism bad for explaining crime? | By focusing on the labelled and the underdogs, Interactionists make the label seem more deviant |
Created by:
Skyelark