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F2 Family
Patterns of Marriage, Divorce and Diversity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Marriage? | A legal and cultural monogamous bond between two adults |
| What is Divorce? | The formal legal dissolution of a legal recognised marriage. Before 1969 divorces were expensive and difficult, one person had to be at 'fault' for Adultery, Cruelty, Desertion or Insanity, and both partners had to agree |
| Name two Policies that changed Marriage and Divorce | 1969 Divorce Reform Act, 2020 Divorce, Dissolution and Separation Bill (Changed the law so that no partner needed to be at fault to divorce) |
| What were the changes made in the 1969 Divorce Reform Act? | Didn't have to 'prove' anything in court, instead could go to solicitors. Divorce possible if one partner had cheated, 'unreasonable behaviour', 2 year desertion (Both agree), lived apart for 2 years (Both agree) or lived apart for 5 years (One agrees) |
| Name 3 changes in Marriage | Decrease in Marriage, Marriage later in life, More Remarriages, Having children later in life, More Cohabitation |
| Name 3 changes in Divorce | Increase in Divorce, More Remarriages, More Lone Parent Families |
| How did changing Attitudes Towards Women cause changes in Marriage and Divorce? | Women used to be thought of as dependent and passive, now it is acceptable to be independent, active and strong |
| How did Secularisation cause changes in Marriage and Divorce? | Secularisation - The process where religion looses its influence and significance on society. Wedding vows are no longer sacred (they are not said 'before God'), making them much easier to break |
| How did Reduced Function of the Extended Family cause changes in Marriage and Divorce? | Family Structures are smaller and less responsible. Weaker socialisation as a result gives children less stable beliefs about Marriage and the family |
| How did Contraception cause changes in Marriage and Divorce? | Contraception is now more accessible and acceptable. Sex is seen separate from child birth making it easier to have sexual relationships without long term commitment. Without children, it is easier to Divorce |
| How did Social Welfare Policies cause changes in Marriage and Divorce? | Increase in the Welfare State and Universal Credit allowed for single mothers and unemployed parents to survive without the need to be in a Nuclear Family |
| How did Individualisation and Liquid Modernity cause changes in Marriage and Divorce? | Individuals became consumers, focusing on choices and pleasure, certainty and security caused by Marriage were replaced by a desire for personal freedom and choice |
| According to the New Right thinker, Morgan, why are the changes in Marriage and Divorce negative? | Divorce being easier is bad because marriage is a valuable institution that benefits society. Marriage promotes social stability, greater life expectancy, higher employment and child educational achievement and health |
| According to the Liberal Feminist, Askham, why are the changes in Marriage and Divorce positive? | Marriage has changed from a social status norm to a personal, intimate achievement. Partners now know marriage is about compromise and equality, easier divorce incentivises both partners to focus on their partners needs |
| Name four Diverse Family Types | Cohabitation, Living Apart Together, Lone Parent Families, Step/Blended Families |
| What is Cohabitation? | Sharing a household with an intimate and committed partner, without marriage |
| What is Living Apart Together? | A couple who are intimate, long term and committed but not living in the same household together |
| Why may a couple Live Apart Together? | Modern Technology: New Media is instant and digitally converged making it easier for couples to live apart but remain connected. Changes in the Labour Market: Jobs have become more specialised, and rarer, requiring greater geographical mobility |
| What is a Lone Parent Family? | Lone, one parent families, mostly headed by women, with dependant children, in one household |
| What are Step/Blended Families? | Single households with parents of dependent children from previous relationships |
| Give four explanations of changes in childbearing | Parent are waiting till they are older to have their first child, parents are having less children, couples are choosing to be voluntary childless, more births are occurring outside of marriage |
| According to the New Right thinker, Morgan, what is a 'Marriage-Lite'? | Non traditional diverse family types are a problem, they are weaker and cause the family to fail when facing the stresses of life. Cohabiting couples are more likely to separate |
| According to the New Right thinker, Morgan, why are Diverse Family Types a Social Problem? | Most non traditional families are unable to carry out the roles of the family effectively. This causes high rates of crime, benefit dependency, educational failure and health issues. |
| According to Feminists, why are Diverse Family Types an Exaggerated Problem? | Non traditional family types are often portrayed negatively and inaccurately in media, the problem is not as large as it is made out to be |
| According to the Liberal Feminist, Beajouan, why do Diverse Family Types strengthen marriage? | Diverse family types have become a normal step before marriage, it screens out weaker marriages that could fail |
| What does the sociologist, Bhatti, suggest in his theory South Asian Families and Traditional Values? | South Asian families are more likely to be in traditional, multigenerational, patriarchal, married families with more dependent children than average and low female employment amongst the older generation |
| What does the sociologist, Berthoud, suggest in his theory Black Families and Individualism? | Black individuals are less constrained by social norms, marriage is seen as a lifestyle option rather than a social expectation. Black individuals are more likely to cohabit, have female led LPF's and engage in serial monogamy |
| Why is important to differentiate between Black Caribbean and Black African groups? | They have different norms and values, making generalisations would be inaccurate to some groups |
| Explain the common Family Diversity trends of the Working Class | The working class are less likely to marry, more likely to divorce, more likely to have children earlier in life and less likely to be childless, more likely to be in LPF's and to have traditional gender roles |
| Explain the common Family Diversity trends of the Middle Class | The middle class are more likely to marry, less likely to divorce, more likely to have children later in life and be childless, they are less likely to be in LPF's and have more symmetrical gender roles |
| Explain the Family Diversity Patterns of Same Sex Couples | More likely to cohabit (though there has been an increase in marriages), more likely to marry later in life, more likely to adopt or use IVF and are more likely to be childless than opposite sex couples |
| Why are Same Sex Couples able to have children? | Modern Technology and Policy change |
| According to Post Modernists, why can we not study the family? | People are able to choose who they count as family (Families of Choice), this means that we cannot be certain what the family is so we cannot study it. Instead we should study the Personal Life |
Created by:
Skyelark
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