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Phonetics/Phonology
Dr. Koller Winter 26 Phonetics and Phonology exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| segments | the smallest unit of speech sound |
| syllables | a group of segments that form one movement |
| egressive sounds | exhalation to produce a sound |
| ingressive sounds | inhalation to produce a sound |
| manners of articulation | how air flows to produce speech sounds |
| plosive | speech sounds made through air stops or releases |
| nasal | speech sounds made through air flow through the nasal passage |
| trill | multiple movements of the tongue |
| tap or flap | one movement of the tongue |
| fricative | speech sounds made through turbulent air flow |
| lateral fricative | speech sounds made through turbulent air flow on the sides of the mouth |
| approximant | speech sounds made when articulators come close but do not actively touch |
| retroflex | placement of the underside of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge |
| assimilation | segments take on similar properties of adjacent segments |
| morpheme | a meaningful unit of a language that cannot be further divided |
| phonetics | study of how actual sounds are made |
| phonology | study of how a person thinks about the sound they use in context of the system of sound rules in a language, derived from the roots for "sound" and "structure" |
| aspiration | speech sounds made through a puff of air, notated through a superscript h |
| affricates | combination between a plosive and fricative, as in /tʃ/ (beach, or /bitʃ/) or /dʒ/ (judge /dʒʌdʒ/) |
| stress | applied through pitch, loudness, duration, or articulation |
| pitch | frequency of a speech sound |
| loudness | volume of a speech sound |
| duration | length of a speech sound |
| phoneme | smallest unit of sound that changes the meaning of a word, the abstract concept of speech sounds in a language |
| phone | how a speech sound is actually said, the actual acoustics of a speech sound |
| difference between phonemes and phones | phonemes are abstract, phones are practically applied |
| difference between phonetics and phonology | phonetics is concerned with phones, or how speech sounds are produced; phonology is concerned with phonemes, or how a person thinks about speech sounds |
| allophones | the same phoneme with a different transcription, same sound in different context |
| minimal pair | pair of words in a language that differ by a single phoneme, determines phonemes |
| phonotactics | rules of how phonemes can be placed in a word, interpretation of new words in a person's native sound system |
| minimal sets | sets of words (3 or more) in a language that differ by a single phoneme |
| contrastive distribution | two phonemes within a word when switched creates a new word |
| complementary distribution | when phones cannot appear in the same environment |
| phonemic transcription | broad, uses slashes, captures phonemes, is not concerned with differentiating allophones |
| phonetic transcription | narrow, uses brackets, captures phones, differentiates allophones |
| assimilation | when one phoneme influences an adjacent phoneme |
| dissimilation | when two segments become less like each other to differentiate them in normal speech |
| elision | phoneme deletion, omission of one or more sounds |
| epenthesis | phoneme insertion |
| metathesis | when segments switch places |
| nasalization | when a phone (often a vowel) is produced through the nasal cavity |
| free variation | when allophones can be used interchangeably in the same spot in a word without changing the word's meaning (i.e. "better" is phonemically transcribed /bɛt.ɚ/ but phonetically transcribed [ˈbɛɾ.ɚ]) |
Created by:
asherhlee
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