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WEEK 18:
Structures of blood vessels and heart:
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 layers of heart | endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium |
| endothelium part of endocardium | simple squamous epithelium and a thin layer of loose connective tissue lining the hearts lumen |
| subendocardial layer of endocardium | loose connective tissue underneath epithelium |
| subendocardial layer contains (3) | veins, nerves, and purkinje fibres |
| endocardium lines | heart lumen |
| endocardium is split into (2) | endothelium and subendocardial layer |
| myocardium | made of many spirally arranged cardiac cardiocytes which attach to fibrous skeleton of the heart via collagen fibre bundles |
| contraction of myocardium | allows heart to pump blood |
| where do cardiocytes in myocardium attach to | fibrous skeleton of heart via bundles of collagen fibres |
| what connects cardiocytes in myocardium to fibrous skeleton of heart | collagen fibres |
| epicardium | visceral layer of pericardium |
| epicardium composed of | simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) on external surface |
| what is found under the mesothelium (3) | nerves, coronary vessels, and adipose tissue |
| epicardium is continuous with | parietal pericardium at the root of great vessels |
| sympathetic innervation | via upper thoracic levels of spinal cord |
| parasympathetic innervation | via vagus nerves |
| ventricular muscle cells make | B-type natriuretic peptide |
| atria muscle cells make | atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
| SA node (pacemaker) | specialised cardiocytes in the wall of the RA adjacent to the entry of the superior vena cava, responsible for generating impulses that initiate contraction |
| AV node | in the wall of the RA next to tricuspid valve, responsible for receiving impulse conducted from SA node |
| AV bundle of his | band of conducting tissue radiating from AV node into interventricular septum dividing into 2 branches |
| purkinje fibres | modified cardiocytes in contact with cardiocytes via gap junctions and desmosomes |
| blood vessels classified based on (5) | presence, number and thickness, diameter and presence/ absence of valves |
| walls in arteries (3) | tunica intima (inner), tunica media (middle), and tunica adventitia (outer) |
| categories of arteries (4) | elastic, muscular, arterioles, and metarterioles |
| elastic arteries (conducting arteries) examples | aorta and pulmonary artery + major branches |
| function of elastic arteries (conducting arteries) | maintain blood pressure by having elastic membranes in tunica media |
| vascular and nerve supply in elastic arteries (conducting arteries) | own vascular and nerve supply in tunica adventitia and tunica media |
| muscular arteries (distributing arteries) size | medium |
| muscular arteries (distributing arteries) examples (3) | radial artery, brachial artery, and femoral artery |
| muscular arteries (distributing arteries) description of walls | thick tunica media made of layers of smooth muscle and tunica adventitia containing vasa vasorum |
| muscular arteries (distributing arteries) description of wall in large ones | external elastic lamina beneath tunica adventitia |
| cause and appearance of muscular arteries (distributing arteries) | many internal elastic lamina (IEL) in subendothelial layer gives tunica intima a wavy appearance |
| arterioles | terminal and smallest arterial vessels vital for blood pressure regulation |
| walls in arterioles | flimsy tunica adventitia, tunica media is only 2 layers of smooth muscle, tunica intima made of endothelium + basal lamina + some connective tissue |
| metarterioles | narrow vessels arising from arterioles and give rise to capillaries |
| point of origins in metarterioles | have precapillary sphincters (incomplete smooth muscle rings) |
| contraction of precapillary sphincters in metarterioles does | prevents blood from entering capillary bed |
| carotid sinus location | wall of proximal portion of internal carotid artery (ICA) |
| carotid body location | vessel wall at bifurcation of common carotid artery (CCA) |
| aortic bodies location | wall of arch of aorta and junction of common carotid artery and subclavian arteries |
| carotid sinus function | baroceptor (pressure changes in vessel) |
| carotid body function +aortic bodies function | chemoreceptor (CO2, O2 + H+ changes) |
| capillaries | selectively permeable and form capillary beds interposed between arterioles + venules |
| cells in capillaries | endothelial cells are single layered on basal lamina associated with pericytes |
| endothelial cells are characterised by | endothelial cell structure and continuity of basal lamina |
| types of capillaries (3) | continuous (somatic), fenestrated (visceral), and sinusoidal |
| continuous (somatic) capillaries | found in neural tissue, lungs, muscles, exocrine glands and connective tissues and have no fenestrae, basal lamina is continuous and contain many pinocytotic vesicles |
| fenestrated (visceral) capillaries | found in endocrine glands, renal glomerulus, intestine + pancreas, made of perforated endothelial cells with sieve like fenestrae (bridged by diaphragm). Basal lamina is continuous with a few pinocytotic vesicles |
| sinusoidal capillaries | found in adrenal cortex/spleen/liver/lymph nodes/bone marow - large lumen and large fenestrae but lack diaphragms with discontinuous basal lamina and lack pinocytotic vesicles. Responsible for permitting maximal exchange + movement of cells/macromolecules |
| veins | capacitance vessels where tunics similar to arteries but have valves and more vasa vasorum and lack distinct internal elastic lamina |
| types of veins (3) | large, small + medium sized, and venules |
| lymphatic network function | collect + transport excess ECF (lymph) back into circulating blood |
| lymphatic network includes | lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and lymphatic ducts |
| where are lymphatic vessels absent (2) | nervous system and bone marrow |
| large lymphatic vessels | have valves, lymph nodes (that filter lymph), and unite to form thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct |
| lymphatic capillaries | thin walled vessels (single layer endothelial cells) that begin as blind-ended channels adjacent to capillary beds (to collect ECF), have sparse basal lamina, and lack fenestrae |
| fenestrated (visceral) capillaries- fenestrae in glomerulus | lack diaphragm |
| varicose veins | swollen twisted veins due to faulty valves |
| atherosclerosis | buildup of plaque in arteries leading to narrowed lumen and reduced blood flow |
| clinical conditions that can occur (5) | varicose veins, oedema, aneurysm, thrombus/DVT/thrombosis, and atherosclerosis |
Created by:
kablooey
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