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E6 Marketisation
Marketisation, Policy and Globalisation
| What were the aims of the Education Act 1944? | Tripartite System - allowed different schools to select different pupils based on their skills Equality of Opportunity - Ability not money determined schooling for the first time |
| What were the details of the Education Act 1944? | 11+ Exam, 3 Types of Schools - Grammar, Secondary Modern, Technical |
| What was the aim of Circular 10/65? | Equality of Opportunity - one type of school for all pupils |
| What were the details of Circular 10/65? | Abolished the Tripartite System, introduced one school for all - the Comprehensive School |
| Evaluations of the Tripartite System | Middle Class mostly given Grammar School places, Grammar Schools were seen as better, hardly any Technical Schools were introduced |
| Evaluations of Comprehensive Schools | There was a lack of parental choice, poor standards in some schools, there was banding and streaming which didn't solve the class divide |
| What were the aims of the Education Act 1988? | Introduce Marketisation, competition, parental choice and Privatisation to raise standards |
| What were the details of the Education Act 1988? | SATs, League Tables and a National Curriculum, Open Enrolment, Formula Funding |
| Evaluations of the Education Act 1988 | Selection by mortgage - if a school is over subscribed, the people closer were more likely to get in, League Tables encourage teaching to the test, National Curriculum is Ethnocentric |
| What were the main aims of the New Labour Education Policies? (Education Act 2002/Higher Education Act 1998) | To respond to increased competition due to Globalisation, raising standards through continued Marketisation, increase Equality of Opportunity |
| What were the details of the New Labour Education Policies? (Education Act 2002/Higher Education Act 1998) | Increased funding to education in general, Increased funding to deprived urban areas, City Centre Academies introduced for failing urban schools, Sure Start and EMA, Tuition fees/loans introduced for University |
| Evaluations of the New Labour Education Policies? (Education Act 2002/Higher Education Act 1998) | Parents liked Sure Start but it didn't improve education, tuition fees put working class kids off from university |
| What were the main aims of the Education Act 2011? | Continue Marketisation, Privatisation and competition, reduce public spending on education due to the financial crisis |
| What were the details of the Education Act 2011? | Cut funding to education, forced academisation and encourage new academies (Free Schools), Pupil Premium |
| Evaluations of the Education Act 2011 | Academisation and Free Schools are both ideological, no evidence they improve standards |
| What were the main aims of the Education White Paper 2022? | Academies to solve all under achievement, Academies to save money post COVID economic crisis |
| What were the details of the Education White Paper 2022? | Local Education Authorities able to set up Multi Academy Trusts to convert maintained schools into Academies, All schools planned to be Academies by 2030 |
| Evaluation of the Education White Paper 2022 | Accused of being a back door to Privatisation, Academisation accused of being use as a panacea - an unrealistic solution to all problems |
| What were the changes made by New Labour in 2024? | Cancelled the building of 40 free schools, Academies now follow National Curriculum, have to work with LEAs about what to do with the placement of students |
| What are LEAs? | Local Education Authority - Local councils responsible for education in a local area, schools that were run by LEAs are Maintained Schools |
| What is Equality of Opportunity? | Ensuring all children from all social groups have the ability to access and achieve in education based on their skills and effort, not on their culture and wealth |
| What is Equality of Outcome? | All pupils being able to achieve similar results in education |
| What is Marketisation? | |
| What is Privatisation? | The transfer of assets and resources from state control to private individuals |
| What is Selection? | How schools/parents decide which pupils will attend which school |
| What is Endogenous Privatisation? | Privatisation within education: teachers and leaders being encouraged to act like a business and apply Market Forces to education to compete and raise standards |
| What is Exogenous Privatisation? | Privatisation of education: aspects of education are outsourced to external private providers |
| What are the eight types of Market Forces? | Targets and Deregulation, Marketing, Efficiency, Choices, Competition, Student Consumers, Supply, Demand |
| Name eight examples of Endogenous Privatisation/Marketisation policies | Education Act 1988, Education Act 1992, Education Act 2011, changes made by New Labour 2024 |
| What is the Education Act 1992? | Introduced OFSTED to replace LEA inspection teams as there were concerns they were not comparing schools honestly or reliably |
| Why is the Education Act 1988 an example of Endogenous Privatisation/Marketisation? | Marketing - Promote school to parents because of Formula Funding and Open Enrolment, Competition - Between other schools for students and through League Tables, Choice - Parents free to choose where their child goes to school |
| Why is the Education Act 1992 an example of Endogenous Privatisation/Marketisation? | Marketing - Positive OFSTED inspections were promoted to parents, Choice - Parents could take OFSTED inspections into account when choosing a school for their child, Competition - Schools in competition with each other to look the best in the area |
| Why is the Education Act 2011 an example of Endogenous Privatisation/Marketisation? | Marketing - Academies/Free Schools marketed themselves as successful and innovative, Demand/Supply - Free Schools were set up in areas with population growth |
| Why is the Education Act 2002 an example of Endogenous Privatisation/Marketisation? | Targets and Deregulation - City Centre Academies used innovative ideas to tackle the problem of inner city under achievement, Student Consumers - Ideas often catered to students, more engaging curriculum/teachers, shorter school days |
| Why is the Higher Education Act 1998 an example of Endogenous Privatisation/Marketisation? | Student Consumers - Students were incentivised to go to university because of loans, Competition - More students available meant universities are motivated to provide better service, Marketing - Universities promote themselves to potential students |
| Why is the changes made by New Labour 2024 NOT an example of Endogenous Privatisation/Marketisation? | Because it reaffirmed LEA's control and reintroduced a mandatory National Curriculum - Going against Targets and Deregulation and Student Consumers |
| Name two examples of Exogenous Privatisation/Marketisation policies | 1992 Private Finance Initiative - building of new schools was the responsibility of private firms rather than the local council, House of Commons 2007 Consultancy Report - Educational Consultants, paid to give advice to schools and raise standards |
| Name three examples of Exogenous Privatisation/Marketisation that are not policies | External Examination Services, Developing Educational Brands (Google Classroom, Microsoft Teams, etc), Efficient External Services (Cleaners, dining staff, etc) |
| Name five ways Privatisation/Marketisation DOES improve Education | More Choice for parents and students, More Private Investment means greater funding, More University Attendance is good for Social Mobility and Meritocracy, Higher Standards, Reduction of Bureaucratic Interest by using performance related pay |
| Name five ways Privatisation/Marketisation DOES NOT improve education | Limited Choice due to over subscription, covert selection etc; Limited Private Investment; Raising Costs of University means a decrease in FSM students; Illegitimate Achievement and Teaching to the Test, Profiteering CEO's as MATs pay them unfairly high |
| Name the 5 types of Selection in Education | Ability, Catchment Area, Aptitude, Parents and Covert |
| Name the Advantages of Selection by Ability | Advantages: Brighter students not held back, Lower Ability students given more support, allows for Meritocracy and Social Mobility |
| Name the Disadvantages of Selection by Ability | Disadvantages: Late Developers enrolled in schools that do not match them, Cultural and Material Capital means Middle Class benefit, Increased Unintentional Racial Segregation, Risk of Labelling |
| Name three Policies that benefit Equality of Opportunity | Sure Start Programmes 1999, Education Maintenance Allowance 1999, Higher Education Act 1998 etc |
| What is Meritocracy? | An education system where students with the highest level of ability and motivation access the highest level of well funded education and are able to access social mobility |
| Name two policies that benefit Meritocracy | National Government Education Act 1944: Tripartite system, Labour Circular 10/65: Comprehensive Schools |
| Name four ways that Education is Globalised | International Comparison, Global Education Companies, Multiculturalism in Schools, British Values and PREVENT |
Created by:
Skyelark
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