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4.1-4.6 AP HUG
AP HUG - topics 4.1 - 4.6 vocab quiz
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Physical geographic boundary | Natural barriers between areas such as oceans, desserts, and mountains |
| Cultural boundaries | Divide people according to some cultural division, such as language, religion, or ethnicity |
| Antecedent boundary | A boundary drawn to accommodate cultural differences including religion and language, typically based on physical features |
| Subsequent boundary | This boundary is typically created while the cultural landscape is evolving and is subject to change over time and are often altered as a result of non-cultural developments such as governmental negotiations/war |
| Superimposed boundary | A boundary drawn by outside powers or conquering powers are many have ignored existing cultural patterns |
| Relic boundary | A boundary that no longer exists, but evidence of it still exists on the landscape |
| Geometric boundary | A straight line or arc drawn by people - there is no regard for physical or cultural features but rather lines of latitude |
| Open boundary | A boundary that is unguarded and people can cross it easily, with little to no political intervention |
| Militarized boundary | A boundary that is heavily guarded and discourages crossing |
| Defined boundary | Established by a legal document, such as a treaty, that divides one entity from another (invisible line) |
| Demarcated boundary | A boundary that is identified by physical objectives places on the landscape |
| Shatterbelt | A place located between two very different and contentious regions - these places are under consistent stress |
| United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) | Between 1973 and 1982 over 150 states signed an international treaty defining maritime boundaries and rules, setting out rights and responsibilities for nations in using the world's oceans, including resource management and environmental protection |
| Territorial sea | This area extends up to 12 nautical miles of sovereignty where commercial vessels may pass but noncommercial vessels may be challenged |
| Contiguous zone | Coastal states have limited sovereignty for up to 24 nautical miles where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation |
| Exclusive economic zone (EEZ) | Coastal states can explore, extract minerals, and manage natural resources up to 200 nautical miles |
| High seas | Water beyond any country's EEZ that is open to all states |
| State | The largest political unit, the formal term for a country that has a defined boundary, contains a permanent population, maintains sovereignty over its domestic and international affairs, and is recognized by other states |
| Sovereignty | The power of a political unit to rule over its own affairs; shows legitimacy |
| Nation | A group of people who have a certain things in common - cultural heritage, have beliefs and values that help identify them, claim a particular space based on tradition as their homeland, desire to establish their own state or express self-determination |
| Nation-state | A singular nation of people who fulfill the qualifications of astate |
| Multinational state | Is a country that contains more than one nation |
| Autonomous region | A defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state; typically given to geographically, ethnically or culturally distinct areas |
| Semiautonomous region | An area which can govern itself to a degree but does not have complete power to govern |
| Stateless nation | A nation of people without a political entity |
| Multistate nation | Occurs when a nation has a state of its own but stretches across borders of other states |
| Nationalism | A nation's desire to create and/or maintain a state of its own |
| Imperialism | A broad concept that includes a variety of ways of influencing another country or group of people by direct conquest, by economic control or by cultural dominance |
| Colonialism | A particular type of imperialism in which people move and settle on the land of other people's land typical across seas |
| Berlin Conference | Representatives from the major empires of Europe met in Berlin in 1885-85 to layout claims made on the continent of Africa; little regard for ethnic and linguistic, cultural, and political boundaries in place |
| Decolonization | The process of winning independence |
| Neocolonialism | Control over developing nations was exerted through indirect means whether economic, political or even cultural power |
| Genocide | Mass organized killing, in which people are targeted because of their race, religion, ethnicity, or nationality |
| Cold War | A period of diplomatic, political, and military rivalry between the US and the USSR from 1945-1991 |
| Satellite state | A type of state dominated by another state politically and economically in the near proximity of the more dominant state |
| Ethnic cleansing | The forced removal of a minority ethnic group from a territory |
| Geopolitics | The study of the effects of geography on politics and relations among states |
| Territoriality | A willingness by a person or a group of people to defend space they claim |
| Choke point | A place of physical congestion between wider regions of movement and interaction |
| Voting districts | Internal boundaries that divide a country's electorate into subnational regions |
| Redistricting | The redrawing of electoral district boundaries, usually every 10 years after the US census, to ensure equal population and reflect demographic shifts |
| Gerrymandering | The drawing of boundaries for political districts by the party in power to project or increase its power |
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