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U.S History Unit 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Family Life | Owned communal property and government. Individualism is valued |
| Beliefs | World is inhabited by spirits. They focus on the present, not the future |
| Food | Buffalo- All parts were used as either a source of food, clothes, and shelter |
| Transportation | Horses that were brought over by the Spanish |
| Homestead Act | 160 acres of land free to anyone who would live and cultivate it for 5 years |
| Pacific Railroad Act | Land and money for Union Pacific and Central Pacific given in order to expand west |
| Gold | Gold in Colorado and California drew prospectors west. Many bloody conflicts resulted from this push of white settlers |
| Dawes Act (1887) | Forced the Native Americans onto land reserved for them |
| Growth of Cattle Industry | Horses and cattle brought to the U.S by the Spanish explorers. Herds flourished on the Great Plains. Railroads played a role in increasing the industry. Cattle were brought to railroads for shipment to meat packing centers and to cities |
| Decline of the Cattle Industry | Meat was still popular but cattle were fed than allowed to roam. Ranches began to get fenced in . Profits went to ranches rather than the cowboy |
| Housing | Dug outs (homes fug out in the side of hills). Soddy (house made from the stacks of prairie turf. Trees were scarce |
| Animals | Protection from theft or from trampling crops barbed wire |
| Hand Packed Soil | Steel plow made planting easier and more efficient |
| Harvesting | The reaper could harvest quickly in case of sudden frost |
| Irrigation | Steel windmill brought up underground water to be used in irrigation |
| Debt | Machines were expensive. Prices for crops were down. Kept borrowing and debts got bigger |
| Huge land grants | Allowed railroad companies to expand west |
| Central Pacific vs Union Pacific | Began a race to lay track to the west. This gave jobs to many including immigrants |
| Railroads | Sold some of their land to farmers for low princes. Made traveling to the west easier |
| Homesteaders | People who moved west as a result of the Homes Act of 1862. 400,000 families moved west and received 150 acres |
| Ranchers | Fenced in open land |
| Miners and woodcutters | Gathered many natural resources |
| Railroad and speculators | Held land for sale at a later date |
| National Park | The government also tried to protect some of the wilderness.In 1872 land was set aside to create Yellowstone national park |
| Deflation | The amount of money in circulation decreases and the value increases. |
| Grange | Founded by Oliver Kelley in 1867. Fought against high railroad prices |
| Populism | The movement of the people (grass roots movement) was born with the founding of the populist party in 1891 |
| Populist Party Ideas | 1. Graduated income tax 2. Government ownership of the railroads 3. Government ownership of telephone and telegram companies 4. Election of U.S senators by direct vote of the people 5. 8 hour work day |
| Panic of 1893 | Business collapse deepens into depression farmers suffer. People traded paper money for gold |
| Election of 1896 | Gold vs Gold and Silver- Populists wanted currency backed by gold and silver, while others wanted it backed by just gold |
| 1896 Canidates | Democrat Candidate was William Jennings Bryan. Republican Candidate was William Mckinley |
| 1896 Election Results | Mckinley wins because many Northeastern people fear inflation. Along with improved farm prices caused a decline of the populist party |
| Social Darwinism | Survival of the fittest. Economists translated this idea to the marketplace. Laissez Faire along with social Darwinism allowed for businessmen to become rich,. |
| Vertical Integration | Buying all inputs into the productive process |
| Horizontal Integration | Buying competing business (monopolistic) |
| Monopoly | Complete control over industries production |
| Holding Company | Corporation that does nothing but buy stock in other companies |
| Trust | People turn in their stock shares over to a group o trustees in exchange for dividends on the profits |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | Any attempt to interfere with free trade among the stars by internationally by forming a trust was illegal . Was not clear on terms in definition. Lacked bite to be effective |
| The Growth of Cities | While the west was expanding, millions more people moved to the cities in the east |
| Jobs | In the industrial age cities grew mainly because of the factories located in them |
| Public Services | Advances I public transportation, inventions and convenience led people to move to the cities |
| Education | The larger cities offered education that was much more complete than the one room school houses of the country |
| Cultural Attractions | Baseball, theater, fine dining, race tracks and more |
| Overcrowding | Prior to Unions there was low wages. people crammed into tenements |
| Crime | Poverty was the breeding ground for crime |
| Sanitation | Disposing of garbage and waste was a problem. Rivers were polluted Horse transportation created its own problems |
| Exploited Workers | Poor working conditions, long hours, and low wages. |
| National Labor Union | First large scale American Union formed in 1866 by an iron worker. Got an 8 hour workday for government employees. Formed the Labor Reform Party |
| Knights of Labor | Open to all workers and used arbitration and cooperatives. Fell apart because of Hay Market Incident and prejudice and not paying attention to bread and butter issues. |
| Arbitration | Settle disputes through an impartial third party |
| Cooperatives | Workers owned and operated their own business |
| The American Federation of Labor | Federation of skilled worker unions and focused on issues like higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions. Had half a million members by 1900. |
| Internation Workers of the World (IWW) | Socialists that wanted the government to control business, property and have an equal distribution of wealth |
| New Immigration (1870-1930) | Because of the U.S having a high standard of living and a reputation of being a land 27 million immigrants came. Italians greeks, jews, poles, romanians, russian and austro hungarians |
| Negative conclusion | Conditions in the home country were bad and could not be tolerated |
| Adjusting to American Life | Immigrants tried to preserve their culture while learning English. Immigrants had to accept the worst paying jobs while facing prejudice from workers, unions, and employers. They had to live in crowded disgusting tenements |
| Immigrants from Asia | Most settled on the west coast to earn money before returning home. By 1910, there were more than 300,000 Chinese immigrants and 150,000 Japanese immigrants |
| Nativist | Someone who believes the foreign poses a threat to the majority culture and should be stopped from entering the country. |
| Know-Nothings | Political party that would restrict and vote for candidates that would restrict immigration |
| Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 | Declared no more Chinese would be permitted to immigrate to the US |
| Gentlemen's Agreement (1907, 1908) | Japan agreed to stop the immigration of Japanese workers if California schools stop segregation policies |
| Red Scare | Communist Revolution in Russia in 1917 fueled nativist fears that huge foreign-born populations would try to overthrow the U.S government. Federal Agents entered homes, businesses and offices looking for damaging evidence without warrants. 600 people Red |
| Red Scare 1919 and 1920 | Mitchell Palmer, General attorney of Wilson organized a series of raids to arrest and deport immigrants |
| First Quota Law 1921 | Yearly immigration was limited to 3% of the number of immigrants arriving from that country |
| New Quota Law 1924 | Yearly immigration from any country was limited to 2% of immigrants arriving from that country in 1890. No more than 150,000 immigrants were to be admitted from one country |
| Gilded Age 1870-1890 | External glitter of wealth concealed a corrupt political core and a growing gap between the rich and poor |
| Patronage | Giving government jobs to people who helped a candidate get elected |
| Political Machine | An organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city and offered services to supportive people and businesses |
| Political Boss | Controlled thousands of municipal jobs . Controlled business license and inspecting, Driven by money and power |
| Bosses Con | Engaged in election fraud. Collected kickbacks. Controlled the police. Granted favor to businesses |
| Bosses Pro | Provided people with jobs. Provide public services. Helped immigrants become citizens |
| Stalwarts | No reform and wanted to stall change |
| Mugwumps | Reform civil service |
| Pendleton Act 1883 | Set up civil service system that counted for 90% if government jobs. Most qualified found through a test. Keep a job as long as work was satisfactory |
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