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Research Methods
Sociology AQA research methods
| Choice of Method - Practical issues | Time, Money, Characteristics and Skills of the Researcher, Access and Opportunity |
| Choice of Method - Ethical Issues | Consent, Deception, Confidentiality, Harm |
| Choice of Method - Theoretical Issues | Validity, Reliability, Representativeness, Positivism, Interpretivism |
| Choice of Topic | Personal Interest, Theoretical Perspective, Funding, Opportunity |
| Types of Data - Primary Data Examples | Experiments, Open Interviews, Closed Interviews, Participant Observations, Open Questionnaires, Closed Questionnaires, Non Participant observations |
| Choice of Method - Practical issues | Time, Money, Characteristics and Skills of the Researcher, Access and Opportunity |
| Choice of Method - Ethical Issues | Consent, Deception, Confidentiality, Harm |
| Choice of Method - Theoretical Issues | Validity, Reliability, Representativeness, Positivism, Interpretivism |
| Choice of Topic | Personal Interest, Theoretical Perspective, Funding, Opportunity |
| Types of Data - Primary Data Examples | Experiments, Open Interviews, Closed Interviews, Participant Observations, Open Questionnaires, Closed Questionnaires, Non Participant observations |
| Types of Data - Quantitative Data | Numerical Data, Concerned with Measurement and Facts |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Primary Data | Strengths - Necessary to explore sociological topics that aren't recorded generally, useful for sociologists who need specific data Weaknesses - practical and ethical problems due to interacting with participants |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Data | Strengths - Easy to Objectively Compare or Analyse, Less Open to Bias or Interpretation Weaknesses - Only gives Shallow View of Topic, No Insight into an Individual's Feelings and Experiences, Implies Incorrect Similarities |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Secondary Data | Strengths - No interaction with participants means less practical or ethical problems Weakness - Harder to get specific information, harder to explore sociological topics that aren't generally recorded |
| What do researchers need to decide before they can start their research? | HOW they are gathering data (Choice of Method), WHAT they are gathering data on (Choice of Topic), What DATA they are going to use (Primary/Secondary, Quantitative/Qualitative) |
| Types of Data - Secondary Data Examples | Historical Documents, Official Documents, Official Statistics, Personal Documents |
| Research Design | Research Questions (What do they want to answer with their study), Hypothesis (What results a they think they will get), Operationalisation (Clearly define what is being reported), Pilot Study (Trial Study) |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Data | Strengths - More in Depth and Detailed Description of a Topic, Insight into an Individuals Feelings and Experiences, Description of differences between Individuals Weaknesses - Hard to Objectively Compare or Analyse, Open to Bias and Interpretation |
| Types of Data - Qualitative Data | Non Numerical Data, Concerned with Meaning |
| Sample Characteristics | The Details and Groups of the People in the Sample |
| Types of Data - Quantitative Data | Numerical Data, Concerned with Measurement and Facts |
| Sampling Frame | The Source from which the Sample is Drawn (Electoral Registers, Doctors Lists, Post Code Files, Telephone Lists, School Registers) |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Data | Strengths - Easy to Objectively Compare or Analyse, Less Open to Bias or Interpretation Weaknesses - Only gives Shallow View of Topic, No Insight into an Individual's Feelings and Experiences, Implies Incorrect Similarities |
| Types of Sampling Methods | Random, Opportunistic, Quota, Stratified, Systematic, Snowball, Volunteer |
| What do researchers need to decide before they can start their research? | HOW they are gathering data (Choice of Method), WHAT they are gathering data on (Choice of Topic), What DATA they are going to use (Primary/Secondary, Quantitative/Qualitative) |
| Research Design | Research Questions (What do they want to answer with their study), Hypothesis (What results a they think they will get), Operationalisation (Clearly define what is being reported), Pilot Study (Trial Study) |
| Sample | The Participants used in a Study |
| Target Population | The People that the Study is about |
| Sample Characteristics | The Details and Groups of the People in the Sample |
| Sampling Frame | The Source from which the Sample is Drawn (Electoral Registers, Doctors Lists, Post Code Files, Telephone Lists, School Registers) |
| Types of Sampling Methods | Random, Opportunistic, Quota, Stratified, Systematic, Snowball, Volunteer |
| Choice of Method - Practical issues | Time, Money, Characteristics and Skills of the Researcher, Access and Opportunity |
| Choice of Method - Ethical Issues | Consent, Deception, Confidentiality, Harm |
| Choice of Method - Theoretical Issues | Validity, Reliability, Representativeness, Positivism, Interpretivism |
| Choice of Topic | Personal Interest, Theoretical Perspective, Funding, Opportunity |
| Types of Data - Primary Data Examples | Experiments, Open Interviews, Closed Interviews, Participant Observations, Open Questionnaires, Closed Questionnaires, Non Participant observations |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Primary Data | Strengths - Necessary to explore sociological topics that aren't recorded generally, useful for sociologists who need specific data Weaknesses - practical and ethical problems due to interacting with participants |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Secondary Data | Strengths - No interaction with participants means less practical or ethical problems Weakness - Harder to get specific information, harder to explore sociological topics that aren't generally recorded |
| Types of Data - Secondary Data Examples | Historical Documents, Official Documents, Official Statistics, Personal Documents |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Data | Strengths - More in Depth and Detailed Description of a Topic, Insight into an Individuals Feelings and Experiences, Description of differences between Individuals Weaknesses - Hard to Objectively Compare or Analyse, Open to Bias and Interpretation |
| Types of Data - Qualitative Data | Non Numerical Data, Concerned with Meaning |
| Types of Data - Quantitative Data | Numerical Data, Concerned with Measurement and Facts |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Data | Strengths - Easy to Objectively Compare or Analyse, Less Open to Bias or Interpretation Weaknesses - Only gives Shallow View of Topic, No Insight into an Individual's Feelings and Experiences, Implies Incorrect Similarities |
| What do researchers need to decide before they can start their research? | HOW they are gathering data (Choice of Method), WHAT they are gathering data on (Choice of Topic), What DATA they are going to use (Primary/Secondary, Quantitative/Qualitative) |
| Research Design | Research Questions (What do they want to answer with their study), Hypothesis (What results a they think they will get), Operationalisation (Clearly define what is being reported), Pilot Study (Trial Study) |
| Sample | The Participants used in a Study |
| Target Population | The People that the Study is about |
| Sample Characteristics | The Details and Groups of the People in the Sample |
| Sampling Frame | The Source from which the Sample is Drawn (Electoral Registers, Doctors Lists, Post Code Files, Telephone Lists, School Registers) |
| Types of Sampling Methods | Random, Opportunistic, Quota, Stratified, Systematic, Snowball, Volunteer |
| Choice of Method - Practical issues | Time, Money, Characteristics and Skills of the Researcher, Access and Opportunity |
| Choice of Method - Ethical Issues | Consent, Deception, Confidentiality, Harm |
| Choice of Method - Theoretical Issues | Validity, Reliability, Representativeness, Positivism, Interpretivism |
| Choice of Topic | Personal Interest, Theoretical Perspective, Funding, Opportunity |
| Types of Data - Primary Data Examples | Experiments, Open Interviews, Closed Interviews, Participant Observations, Open Questionnaires, Closed Questionnaires, Non Participant observations |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Primary Data | Strengths - Necessary to explore sociological topics that aren't recorded generally, useful for sociologists who need specific data Weaknesses - practical and ethical problems due to interacting with participants |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Secondary Data | Strengths - No interaction with participants means less practical or ethical problems Weakness - Harder to get specific information, harder to explore sociological topics that aren't generally recorded |
| Types of Data - Secondary Data Examples | Historical Documents, Official Documents, Official Statistics, Personal Documents |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Data | Strengths - More in Depth and Detailed Description of a Topic, Insight into an Individuals Feelings and Experiences, Description of differences between Individuals Weaknesses - Hard to Objectively Compare or Analyse, Open to Bias and Interpretation |
| Types of Data - Qualitative Data | Non Numerical Data, Concerned with Meaning |
| Types of Data - Quantitative Data | Numerical Data, Concerned with Measurement and Facts |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Data | Strengths - Easy to Objectively Compare or Analyse, Less Open to Bias or Interpretation Weaknesses - Only gives Shallow View of Topic, No Insight into an Individual's Feelings and Experiences, Implies Incorrect Similarities |
| What do researchers need to decide before they can start their research? | HOW they are gathering data (Choice of Method), WHAT they are gathering data on (Choice of Topic), What DATA they are going to use (Primary/Secondary, Quantitative/Qualitative) |
| Research Design | Research Questions (What do they want to answer with their study), Hypothesis (What results a they think they will get), Operationalisation (Clearly define what is being reported), Pilot Study (Trial Study) |
| Sample | The Participants used in a Study |
| Target Population | The People that the Study is about |
| Sample Characteristics | The Details and Groups of the People in the Sample |
| Sampling Frame | The Source from which the Sample is Drawn (Electoral Registers, Doctors Lists, Post Code Files, Telephone Lists, School Registers) |
| Types of Sampling Methods | Random, Opportunistic, Quota, Stratified, Systematic, Snowball, Volunteer |
| Choice of Method - Practical issues | Time, Money, Characteristics and Skills of the Researcher, Access and Opportunity |
| Choice of Method - Ethical Issues | Consent, Deception, Confidentiality, Harm |
| Choice of Method - Theoretical Issues | Validity, Reliability, Representativeness, Positivism, Interpretivism |
| Choice of Topic | Personal Interest, Theoretical Perspective, Funding, Opportunity |
| Types of Data - Primary Data Examples | Experiments, Open Interviews, Closed Interviews, Participant Observations, Open Questionnaires, Closed Questionnaires, Non Participant observations |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Primary Data | Strengths - Necessary to explore sociological topics that aren't recorded generally, useful for sociologists who need specific data Weaknesses - practical and ethical problems due to interacting with participants |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Secondary Data | Strengths - No interaction with participants means less practical or ethical problems Weakness - Harder to get specific information, harder to explore sociological topics that aren't generally recorded |
| Types of Data - Secondary Data Examples | Historical Documents, Official Documents, Official Statistics, Personal Documents |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Data | Strengths - More in Depth and Detailed Description of a Topic, Insight into an Individuals Feelings and Experiences, Description of differences between Individuals Weaknesses - Hard to Objectively Compare or Analyse, Open to Bias and Interpretation |
| Types of Data - Qualitative Data | Non Numerical Data, Concerned with Meaning |
| Types of Data - Quantitative Data | Numerical Data, Concerned with Measurement and Facts |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Data | Strengths - Easy to Objectively Compare or Analyse, Less Open to Bias or Interpretation Weaknesses - Only gives Shallow View of Topic, No Insight into an Individual's Feelings and Experiences, Implies Incorrect Similarities |
| What do researchers need to decide before they can start their research? | HOW they are gathering data (Choice of Method), WHAT they are gathering data on (Choice of Topic), What DATA they are going to use (Primary/Secondary, Quantitative/Qualitative) |
| Research Design | Research Questions (What do they want to answer with their study), Hypothesis (What results a they think they will get), Operationalisation (Clearly define what is being reported), Pilot Study (Trial Study) |
| Sample | The Participants used in a Study |
| Target Population | The People that the Study is about |
| Sample Characteristics | The Details and Groups of the People in the Sample |
| Sampling Frame | The Source from which the Sample is Drawn (Electoral Registers, Doctors Lists, Post Code Files, Telephone Lists, School Registers) |
| Types of Sampling Methods | Random, Opportunistic, Quota, Stratified, Systematic, Snowball, Volunteer |
| Choice of Method - Practical issues | Time, Money, Characteristics and Skills of the Researcher, Access and Opportunity |
| Choice of Method - Ethical Issues | Consent, Deception, Confidentiality, Harm |
| Choice of Method - Theoretical Issues | Validity, Reliability, Representativeness, Positivism, Interpretivism |
| Choice of Topic | Personal Interest, Theoretical Perspective, Funding, Opportunity |
| Types of Data - Primary Data Examples | Experiments, Open Interviews, Closed Interviews, Participant Observations, Open Questionnaires, Closed Questionnaires, Non Participant observations |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Primary Data | Strengths - Necessary to explore sociological topics that aren't recorded generally, useful for sociologists who need specific data Weaknesses - practical and ethical problems due to interacting with participants |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Secondary Data | Strengths - No interaction with participants means less practical or ethical problems Weakness - Harder to get specific information, harder to explore sociological topics that aren't generally recorded |
| Types of Data - Secondary Data Examples | Historical Documents, Official Documents, Official Statistics, Personal Documents |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Data | Strengths - More in Depth and Detailed Description of a Topic, Insight into an Individuals Feelings and Experiences, Description of differences between Individuals Weaknesses - Hard to Objectively Compare or Analyse, Open to Bias and Interpretation |
| Types of Data - Qualitative Data | Non Numerical Data, Concerned with Meaning |
| Types of Data - Quantitative Data | Numerical Data, Concerned with Measurement and Facts |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Data | Strengths - Easy to Objectively Compare or Analyse, Less Open to Bias or Interpretation Weaknesses - Only gives Shallow View of Topic, No Insight into an Individual's Feelings and Experiences, Implies Incorrect Similarities |
| What do researchers need to decide before they can start their research? | HOW they are gathering data (Choice of Method), WHAT they are gathering data on (Choice of Topic), What DATA they are going to use (Primary/Secondary, Quantitative/Qualitative) |
| Research Design | Research Questions (What do they want to answer with their study), Hypothesis (What results a they think they will get), Operationalisation (Clearly define what is being reported), Pilot Study (Trial Study) |
| Sample | The Participants used in a Study |
| Target Population | The People that the Study is about |
| Sample Characteristics | The Details and Groups of the People in the Sample |
| Sampling Frame | The Source from which the Sample is Drawn (Electoral Registers, Doctors Lists, Post Code Files, Telephone Lists, School Registers) |
| Types of Sampling Methods | Random, Opportunistic, Quota, Stratified, Systematic, Snowball, Volunteer |
| Random Sampling | Equal Chance of Selection from Frame, No Order, Anyone Available, Until enough Participants are Recruited |
| Stratified Sampling | Equal Chance of Selection from Frame, No Order, Until Proportions are Met |
| Opportunistic Sampling | Participants Available at Time, Until enough Participants are Recruited |
| Quota Sampling | Participants Available at Time, Until Proportions are Met |
| Systematic Sampling | Putting Sampling Frame into Order, Picking every Nth Person |
| Snowball Sampling | Participants who are Available at the Time are asked to Recruit other Participants |
| Volunteer Sampling | Information is sent out, Participants will Contact Researcher |
| Evaluations of Sampling Methods | Proportions Meet Sample Characteristics - More Representative, Less Practical Using Participants Available at Time - More Practical, Less Representative Using Sample Frame - More Representative, Less Representative (Some demographics are missed off) |
| Types of Questionnaires | Closed Questionnaires (Questions with Restricted Answers to Choose from), Open Questionnaires (Questions where the Participants can Answer However they want Freely) |
| Evaluation of Questionnaires | Closed - Lack Validity, Reliable, Representative, Ethical, Practical, Positivist Open - Valid, Unreliable, Representative, Practical OR Impractical, Ethical, Interpretivist |
| Types of Observations | Participant Observations, Non Participant Observations, Overt Observations, Covert Observations |
| Evaluation of Questionnaires | Participant - Unreliable, Valid, Unrepresentative, Interpretivist Non Part - Invalid, Reliable, Unrepresentative, Impractical, Positivist Overt - Invalid, Unrepresentative, Impractical, Unethical Covert - Valid, Unrepresentative, Impractical, Ethical |
| Types of Interviews | Structured - A Pre Set list of Questions that is Rigidly not Deviated from Unstructured - No Pre Set list of Questions, Free Flowing Discussion, Flexibility to create Questions |
| Evaluation of Questionnaires | Structured - Lack Validity, Reliable, Unrepresentative, Positivist, Impractical, Ethical Unstructured - Valid, Unreliable, Unrepresentative, Interpretivist, Impractical, Ethical |
| Types of Experiments | Lab Experiments (Comparing Groups in a Controlled Artificial Setting), Field Experiments (Comparing Groups in the Real World) |
| Evaluations of Experiments | Lack Validity (Field higher than Lab), Reliable (Field lower than Lab), Unrepresentative, Impractical, Unethical, Positivist |
| Types of Documents | Personal Documents (Written, Picture, Media, Records from Individual's First Hand Accounts), Historical Documents (Written, Picture, Media from the Past) |
| Evaluations of Documents | Valid, Unreliable, Unrepresentative, Practical, Ethical, Interpretivist (Can be Positivist if using Content Analysis) |
| Thematic Analysis vs Content Analysis | Thematic - Noticing Reoccurring Themes and Writing in Detail about Them (Qual from Qual) Content - Creating Categories and Counting each Time they Occur Quant from Qual) |
| Statistics | Numerical Data Collected by the Government or Official Statistics on a Wide Range of Topics - Hard Stats and Soft Stats |
| Evaluations of Statistics | Lack Validity, Reliable (Unless Soft), Representative (Unless Soft), Practical, Positivist |
| Longitudinal studies | Data is Collected from the Same Sample Numerous Times, Over a Long Period of Time, Often Using a Variety of Methods |
| Case Studies | Gathering a large amount of data, using a variety of methods, from a single individual, small sample or single organisation |
| Methodological Pluralism | Using a Variety of Methods in a Single Piece of Research |
| Triangulation | Using Two or More Research Methods to Check the Validity, Representativity and Reliability of Results |
| Evaluation of Longitudinal Studies | Strengths - Valid (Can See Changes over Time), Valid (Greater Chance to Build Rapport) Weaknesses - Unrepresentative (Losing Participants over Time), Unpractical and Unethical (Repeat Interaction with Participant), Unreliable (Increased Chance of Bias) |
| Evaluation of Case Studies | Strengths - Valid (Broader Range of Depth and Detail), Valid (Greater Chance to Build Rapport) Weaknesses - Unreliable (Increased Chance of Bias), Unethical and Unpractical (Lots of Interaction with Participants), Unrepresentative (Small Samples) |
Created by:
Skyelark
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