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AP HUG chapter nine
Terms and questions. Based on James M. Rubinstein 13th ed. Text Book
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Dietary energy consumption | the amount of food that an individual consumes (measured in kilocalories) |
| cereal grains | grass that yields grain, seed from cereal grass. Globally, where most people derive their calories from. (Wheat, Rice, Corn) |
| Protein | nutrient needed for growth and maintenance |
| Food security | physical, social, and economic access to safe and nutritious food to meet dietary needs |
| Undernourishment | dietary energy consumption that is below the minimum 1,844 kcal daily |
| Undernourishment | dietary energy consumption that is below the minimum 1,844 kcal daily |
| Agriculture | the deliberate modification of earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to gain sustenance or economic gain |
| Columbian exchange | refers to the widespread transfer of plants, animals, and cultures, human populations (colonialism and slave trade), technology, and ideas between the americas and the old world that occurred post columbus |
| Subsistence agriculture | food for personal consumption (most common in LDCs) |
| Commercial agriculture | food primarily for sale (most common in MDCs) |
| Complex commodity chains | high interrelationships to other business. Many steps and outside parties to get the product in stores. |
| Von Thunen model | Created by Johann Heinrich Von Thunen. It states that commercial farms must be efficient (distance to market affects the choice of the crops). Two things must be considered: cost of land and cost of transportation |
| Pastoral nomadism | Fewer inputs, subsistence. Based on herding domesticated animals |
| Transhumance | seasonal migration of livestock |
| Slash and burn | Fewer inputs, subsistence. AKA Shifting cultivation. Clears land/burns debris |
| Intensive input subsistence farming | farmers must work more intensively to subsist on a small parcel of land. Farms are smaller in densely populated areas. |
| Plantation | Many inputs, commercial. A plantation is a large farm that specializes in one or two crops. Plantations are often LDC operated, MDC owned and distributed to. |
| Mixed crop & livestock | Many inputs, commercial. Most crops are fed to animals, not people/ |
| Dairy farming | Many inputs, commercial. needs to remain close to big clusters of population so the most money can be made |
| Grain farming | Many inputs, commercial. Wheat is the most popular grain as it has more uses than other grains, can be stored easily, and can be transported a long distance. |
| Mediterranean | Many inputs, commercial. Olives, grapes, fruit, vegetables, citrus, and tree nuts. |
| Commercial gardening | Many inputs, commercial. AKA truck farming. Truck farms are highly efficient large-scale operations that take full advantage of machines at every stage of the growing process. |
| Livestock ranching | Fewer inputs, commercial. commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. |
| Double cropping | growing two different crops on the same piece of land within a single growing season |
| Monocropping | the agricultural practice of growing a single crop species, such as corn, wheat, or soybeans, on the same land for consecutive seasons. |
| husbandry | domesticating a species and modifying it to be the most useful for human use |
| Green revolution (3rd agricultural revolution) | the invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during the 1970s and the 1980s |
| GMO | mixes and alters genetic material from species that would otherwise not mix in nature |
| Monsanto corporation | created round-up ready seeds, which were able to withstand weed killers and chemicals |
| Organic farming | agriculture that depends on the use of natural fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides |
| Sustainable agriculture | agricultural practices that preserve and enhance environmental quality |
Created by:
chambsar000
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