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UNIT TWO(8th grade)
The Deceleration of Independence (Section 11) 8th grade history test study U2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why was George Washington nervous about serving as president? | George Washington was nervous about the presidency he longed for retirement, and he worried his actions would be judged harshly if public expectations weren't met, all while facing a fragile nation with immense debt and internal divisions |
| Why was there a debate over what title to use when addressing (speaking to) the president? | the Senate favoring regal titles like "His Highness" to elevate the office, while the House championed republican simplicity, fearing such titles would make the President an "elective King" above citizens, ultimately leading to the simple "Mr. President" |
| Who was Secretary of Treasury? What was his role? | The first Secretary of the Treasury was Alexander Hamilton, who served under President George Washington from 1789-1795, establishing the nation's financial system, managing debt, creating the U.S |
| Who was the Secretary of State? What was his role? | Thomas Jefferson was the first U.S. Secretary of State, responsible for American foreign policy, managing diplomatic relations, and overseeing domestic matters like the Great Seal and copyrights |
| Who was Secretary of War? What was his role? | Henry Knox was the first U.S. Secretary of War, responsible for organizing the new nation's military, establishing defense policies, overseeing the small army, and the Navy, handling frontier defense against Native Americans |
| And who was the Vice President? | John Adams. On April 21, 1789, John Adams became the first Vice President of the United States. |
| And which other cabinet position first held by Edmund Randolph--is not shown in this diagram? | The president, George Washington |
| Why was Hamilton sent to America as a teen? | Alexander Hamilton was sent to America as a teen because local benefactors on St. Croix recognized his exceptional intelligence and writing talent after he published a vivid account of a devastating hurricane in 1772 |
| What is notable about Hamilton's personality? | Alexander Hamilton's personality was notably complex: a brilliant, ambitious, and charming, but also impulsive, arrogant, and tactless |
| How did Hamilton's life change after marrying Elizabeth Schuyler? | It provided crucial social connections to New York's elite, a stable home life for their eight children, and a supportive partner who managed their household as he built his political career as Treasury Secretary and lawyer |
| Did Hamilton see people as basically good or bad? What caused him to feel this way? | Alexander Hamilton viewed human nature as inherently selfish, fickle, and driven by passion rather than reason due to his childhood and past experiences. |
| Why didn’t Hamilton want to give power to common (ordinary) people? | Alexander Hamilton feared mob rule and believed ordinary people were easily swayed, self-interested, and lacked the wisdom for stable self-government. |
| According to Hamilton, should the national government or state governments have more power? | The national government should have significantly more power than the state governments, as he championed a strong central authority for national unity, economic strength, and security. |
| What type of people did Hamilton believe should help lead the government? | Alexander Hamilton believed the government should be led by the wealthy, educated, and propertied elite, viewing them as best equipped to handle power due to their intellect and stake in society |
| According to Hamilton, should the government focus on helping businesses or farmers? | According to Alexander Hamilton, the government should focus on promoting manufacturing and commerce alongside agriculture |
| Why did Hamilton want a national bank? | He wanted to stabilize the nation's finances after the Revolutionary War, manage debt, create a uniform currency, provide credit, and centralize financial power to build a strong, independent economy. |
| What are tariffs, and why did Hamilton support them? | Tariffs are taxes on imported goods, and Alexander Hamilton supported them to raise government revenue and, more importantly, to protect and nurture America's fledgling manufacturing industries from cheaper British goods |
| Why did Hamilton think it was important to pay off debts from the Revolutionary War? | Alexander Hamilton believed paying Revolutionary War debts was crucial to establish the new nation's creditworthiness, gain international trust, stabilize the economy, and foster economic growth by securing foreign investment |
| How did Alexander Hamilton feel about the French Revolution? | Alexander Hamilton was initially hopeful for liberty but grew deeply skeptical and critical of the French Revolution. |
| Why did Hamilton favor the United States having a closer relationship with Britain instead of France? | Alexander Hamilton favored closer ties with Britain over France primarily for economic stability and national security, seeing Britain as the U.S.'s crucial trading partner and a model for commerce and finance |
| How was Jefferson’s childhood different than Hamilton’s? | Thomas Jefferson was born into Virginia's wealthy gentry, enjoying privilege and land, while Alexander Hamilton was an illegitimate, poor immigrant from the West Indies |
| What is notable about his personality? | Thomas Jefferson's personality was defined by a profound curiosity and intellectual depth. |
| What did Jefferson do during the Revolutionary War? | During the Revolutionary War, Thomas Jefferson's main contributions were writing the Declaration of Independence, serving in the Continental Congress |
| Did Jefferson see people as basically good or bad? What experiences shaped Jefferson’s views of human nature? | Thomas Jefferson held a fundamentally optimistic view that people were basically good. Enlightenment philosophy (reason, natural rights), his deep study of law and natural science, his experiences with slavery shaped his views. |
| According to Jefferson, should the national government or state governments have more power? | He believed state and local governments should have significantly more power than the national government, advocating for a limited federal role focused on defense and foreign relations, while empowering local cities to manage civil rights, laws, and dail |
| What type of people did Jefferson believe should help lead the government? | Thomas Jefferson believed ordinary, virtuous white men, especially independent yeoman farmers, should lead government, trusting the "common man's" good sense for self-governance |
| According to Jefferson, should the government focus on helping businesses or farmers? | According to Thomas Jefferson, the government should focus primarily on helping farmers, viewing an agrarian society of independent, virtuous yeoman farmers as the bedrock of American liberty and virtue |
| Why was Jefferson against having a national bank? | Thomas Jefferson opposed a national bank because he believed it was unconstitutional, exceeding federal power, and would unfairly benefit wealthy elites (merchants, financiers) at the expense of farmers |
| How did Jefferson feel about tariffs? | Thomas Jefferson generally opposed high protective tariffs, favoring low duties for revenue and free trade to support his vision of an agrarian republic, fearing tariffs would burden farmers |
| How did Jefferson feel about the French Revolution? | Thomas Jefferson was a strong early supporter of the French Revolution, viewing it as a natural extension of the American Revolution, inspired by ideals of liberty and equality, and he aided revolutionaries like Lafayette |
| What did Hamilton agree to do about the capital? | Hamilton agreed to place the capital (Washington D.C) between Maryland and Virginia |
| Who wrote the Resolutions to the Alien and Seidion Acts? | Jefferson and Madison wrote the Resolutions. |
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