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11 Civil Rights
Terms from US History Since 1877
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Affirmative Action | This was Kennedy's plan increase minority representation in colleges, professions and businesses. |
| 14th amendment | This amendment guaranteed for citizen rights for everyone. |
| 15th amendment | This amendment guaranteed the right to vote for all men regardless of race. |
| American Indian Movement | This part of the Civil Rights Movement focused on the U.S. honoring it's existing treaties with the American Indians as well as a recognition of their culture. Their protests included occupying government monuments on Alcatraz and Wounded Knee. |
| Black Panthers | This group of activists worked to patrol their own neighborhoods to try to reduce police presence and police brutality. |
| Cesar Chavez | He organized the migrant farm workers union to defend Hispanic migrant workers. |
| Chicano Mural Movement | This movement was an expression of Mexican American culture. The artwork became an important expression of their identity. |
| Civil Rights Act | Passed in 1957 to increase African American voting & in 1964 to prohibit discrimination based on race or gender in business engaged in interstate commerce. |
| Orval Faubus | He was the governor of Arkansas who ordered the National Guard to prevent the Little Rock 9 from integrating Central High. |
| Betty Friedan | She is the author of the Feninine Mystique arguing against the traditional role of women. She also cofounded NOW. |
| Delores Huerta | She co-founded the United Farm Workers of America along with Cesar Chavez. Her leadership in the national grape boycott resulted in the California grape industry agreeing to collective bargaining rights for workers. |
| Martin Luther King Jr. | He promoted nonviolent civil disobedience and led the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference |
| Litigation | To sue. This was a tactic used in the Civil Rights movement. Many groups used the courts in an attempt to secure rights for minorities. |
| Thurgood Marshall | He was appointed Chief Counsel for the NAACP and became the first African American Supreme Court Justice. |
| Rosa Parks | She was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat on a segregated bus. This led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott. |
| Title IX | This part of the Elementary and Secondary Act banned gender discrimination in educational settings. It promoted gender equity by requiring the same opportunities for women (most often in the area of sports). |
| George Wallace | He was the Governor of Alabama that worked against the integration of the Univ. of Alabama. He ran for president in 1964 on a segregationist platform, working to keep things the way they were (status quo) in the South (segregated) |
| Voting Rights Act | This act in 1965 eliminated obstacles for African Americans (like literacy tests) and increased the federal government's supervision over voting in areas historically known to suppress Black votes. |
| Brown v. Board of Education | 1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated. |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal. |
| Malcolm X | Black Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in 1965. |
| Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC "snick") | students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism |
| 24th Amendment | Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a requirement to vote in national elections. |
| Great Society | a domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs as part of his War on Poverty as well as reforming education and healthcare. |
| Tinker v. Des Moines | Students have the right to symbolic speech at school as long as it is not disruptive |
| Engle v. Vitale | Public schools requiring prayer violated the 1st Amendment that protects citizens from government mandated religion |
| National Organization for Women (NOW) | Founded in 1966, this organization called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. |
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