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02 Expansion and Ref
Term from US History Since 1877
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Jane Addams | She is the founder of the Hull House, responsible for providing education to immigrants. |
| Americanization | This process was designed to assimilate immigrants to make them more "American". It included learning to dress, speak, and act like other Americans. This was done through the schools. |
| Cattle | This industry supported the growth of railroads because of the increased demand for beef in the east. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | This was the first (1882) to limit the immigration of a specific group; a measure taken due to fears over competition for jobs and a prejudice against this group. |
| Civil Service | This type of reform required government jobs be granted on merit (the ability to pass an exam) and example is the Pendleton Act. |
| Dawes Act | This act was part of the assimilation movement of Native American tribe. Each family was given 160 acres of reservation land and expected to farm it. |
| Homestead Act | This act motivated more Americans to settle in the west by promising 160 acres in exchange for cultivating the land for 5 years. |
| Interstate Commerce Act | This act was created to regulate shipping rates and other railroad abuses in the government's attempt to begin regulating big business. |
| Klondike Gold Rush | In 1896, a discovery near this river in Alaska caused a rush for gold that brought miners to the west. |
| Laissez Faire | This theory refers to a lack of government interference in American business through regulations. |
| Manifest Destiny | Westward expansion was driven by this belief that Americans were destined to settle across the continent. |
| Political Machines | These sought control of the cities by offering incentives in exchange for political support (votes). (Ex: Tammany Hall, Boss Tweed) |
| Populism | This idea developed from a farmers' alliance over concerns about low crop prices, abuses of banks and railroads, and support for adding silver to the currency to increase inflation that would help farmers. |
| Railroads | The growth of this industry allowed for increased movement of goods to markets, westward settlement and better communication. |
| Rural | Americans moved from this to the urban areas because of increased job opportunities in the cities. |
| Social Gospel | The religious revival that focused on the problems in urban areas, people could gain salvation by serving the poor. |
| Standard of Living | The new technological innovations in both transportation and communication saw an improvement in this for Americans. |
| Transcontinental Railroad | This was completed in 1869 and connected the East to the West. It led to better communication, trade and closing the frontier. |
| Urban | This term has to do with cities. |
| Assimilation | the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another |
| Bimetallism | A monetary system in which the government would give citizens either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks, supported by farmers and populists |
| Gold Standard | A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold, criticized as the reason for low crop prices by farmers |
| Settlement Houses | Community centers located in the slums and near tenements that gave aid to the poor, especially immigrants |
| Social Darwinism | The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion and unregulated business and economic practices. |
| Temperance | A social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. |
| Initiative | Procedure allowing voters, by petition, to propose a law or constitutional amendment without having to go through the state legislature. |
| Referendum | a popular vote on a proposed law or constitutional amendment |
| Recall | an election in which voters can remove an elected official from office before the end of their term |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by President Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions |
| Seventeenth Amendment | 1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators, a progressive reform meant to make the government more democratic and less influenced by political machines |
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