Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Unit 5 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Agriculture | Growing crops or raising animals for food/products that people need. |
| Climate Regions | regions around the world with similar climates, weather patterns, or temperature for a long time. |
| Tropical Region | lot’s of rain and usually hot year round |
| Dry Region | not much rain at all, sandy deserts, droughts |
| Temperate Region | warmer summers and cooler winters, not usually extreme |
| Continental Region | cold winters and warm summers, big temperature changes year round |
| Polar Region | very cold all year with little to no plants |
| Mediterranean Agriculture | farming that is used in hot, dryer summers and more wet, cool winters. |
| Clustered settlement | a group of homes/buildings in a rural area that are closely grouped together, usually around a main central point. |
| Dispersed settlement | a group of homes/buildings that are further apart from each other over a larger piece of land. |
| Linear settlement | when a settlement is arranged in a line, usually along roads, trails, rivers, and coastlines. |
| Monocropping | when farmers only grow one type of crop per season on a farm instead of multiple crops at once to take care of. |
| Monoculture | when farmers only grow one type of crop yearly on a farm instead of multiple crops at once to take care of. |
| Foragers | people who survive by hunting, gathering, and fishing instead of farming. |
| Mixed crop and livestock systems | a system where farmers grow crops and take care of animals on the same farm. |
| Enclosure system | when a land that was once community shared is sectioned and fenced off with each piece having a private owner. |
| Infrastructure (agricultural) | certain equipment, buildings, systems, and services needed to produce/transport/store farming products. |
| Dual agricultural economy | when a country has two different types of farming that are used such as commercial farms (large) and subsistence farms (small). |
| Agribusiness | farming that is run like a business since they focus on large production and selling crops for profit instead of survival. |
| Agricultural landscapes | features that are noticeable from farming such as fields, irrigation systems, barns, or fences. |
| Agroecosystem | a type of farming system where things like animals, crops, soil, and people all interact like a tiny ecosystem. |
| Deforestation | cutting down a large area of trees, often to make land for farming, cities, roods, or houses. |
| Terracing | a farming method where levels are carved out of mountains or hills to grow crops. |
| Reservoirs | a man made storage area or lake for fresh water that’s usually made by building a dam. |
| Aquifers | an underground water system built from either a layer of rock, sand, or gravel that makes the water accessible for drinking or farming. |
| Desertification | when farmland slowly turns into a desert because of natural causes (climate changes, droughts) or human activities. |
| Salinization | when soil becomes too salty because of over irrigation or too much work put into it, making it very hard to grow crops. |
| Debt for Nature Swaps | an agreement made so a country's debt is reduced if they agree to help protect natural resources, such as forest or animals. |
| Biotechnology | using advanced technology to improve crops or animals for a better industry, farming, or even medicine. |
| Food security | people having enough access to clean, safe, and nutritious food in order to live up to a healthy life. |
| Food Deserts | when people live in areas with very little access to food, especially healthy fresh fruits or vegetables. |
| Central City (central business district) | where the primary amount of buying/selling agricultural goods takes place. |
| Market Gardening/Dairy (ring 1) | Where you are going to find fresh market items with the highest degree of perishability (needs to be closest to the central city). Ex: avocados, milk/cream, flowers, fruits, vegetables. |
| Forest (ring 2) | Where you find trees and lumber (not going to perish quickly) and used for wood/fuel. The weight of trees is impossible to get around and costs much more because of the tons of horses, gas, and trucks you have to pay for. |
| Extensive Grains (ring 3) | Wheat, corn, and other seeds/grains that have a very low degree of perishability. It also costs less because it weighs less and can fit more in the transportation system. |
| Livestock (ring 4) | Does not cost much to transport them since they’re heardable. They also have very low perishability and are further out from the city because people don't want to live next to farm animals. |
| Wilderness (beyond the rings) | No longer profitable to consider farming once you get a certain distance away from the central city (frontier). |
| Luxury crops (extra) | these crops are mainly grown for enjoyment rather than for basic survival. Ex: coffee beans, sugarcane, cocoa, tea, vanilla |
| Cash Crops | the main purpose of these crops grown by farmers are to sell and make a profit. Ex: tobacco, wheat, corn, cotton, spices |
| 1st Agricultural Revolution | When people transitioned from surviving by hunting and gathering to planting crops and actually getting consistent production. |
| 2nd Agricultural Revolution | The beginning of early machinery, better tools, and methods (tied to industrial revolution) making farming more efficient in agricultural production. |
| 3rd Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution) | Rise of GMO and scientific advancements of scientific code to create stronger, bigger, and better crops. |
| Hybridization | The process of crossing two different plants together to create a new, more sustainable, higher yield, and faster growing plant. |
| IR8 | Post 1945, the country of India was starving and by the 1960’s, a rice GMO was introduced which successfully worked and saved millions in India. |
| Sifting Cultivation | Farming in an area seasonally or yearly then moving crops to another clear patch of land to let the other soil recover. |
| Swidden/Slash & Burn | Slashing or cutting down areas of crops/vegetation and burning it to clear the land. This helps the soil get nutrients which helps the crops grow again. |
| Crop Rotation | Seasonally (monocropping), annually (monoculture). Farmers shift what crop they plant over time to get the soil healthy. |
| Agricultural Economies of Scale | when large farms can produce food at a lower cost per unit because they use machines, technology, and buy supplies in bulk. As production increases, the cost of each crop or animal goes down, giving big farms an advantage over small farms. |
| Metes & Bounds System | Natural features (trees, rivers, rocks) that are used to divide up the land, usually in uneven forms. They were originally found in the Eastern U.S from early settlers. |
| Long Lot System | Land that’s divided into long narrow strips that usually look like rectangles. This system is always set up near a water source or road so each owner has access. This started in France and was brought to Louisiana and parts of Canada. |
| Township and Range System | A grid system divided into 6 by 6 miles squares and broken down into smaller pieces. This was developed after the American Revolution, making land easier to sell. Found in the Midwest and Western U.S. |
| Homestead Act (1862) | Gave people 160 acres of land for settling out westward and agreeing to farm it for several years. |
| Belgium, Israel, United States, Ireland, Turkey | Top 5 highest countries in terms of caloric intakes, GDP per capita, and population: |
| Organic Agriculture | An agriculture practice that tries to avoid chemicals like pesticides, fertilizers, or GMO’s on crops. Instead, farmers use original farming methods like natural fertilizer, composting, crop rotation, and organic pest control. |
| Fair Trade | Fair Trade is a system that ensures farmers and workers, especially in developing countries, are paid fairly and work in safe conditions. It helps improve incomes and community development, but products often cost more for consumers. |
| Columbian Exchange | The first major agricultural trading network where animals, plants, and food traveled between the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia. This began after Columbus arrived in the Americas in 1492 and led to widespread trade globally. |
| Core countries | These countries are wealthy and developed in agriculture with large scale farms, heavy machinery/infrastructure, and make a lot of profit off of selling their products. |
| Semi- periphery countries | They still rely on core countries but also have some industry and farming technology. Their agriculture has a mix of large, modern farms and smaller, traditional farms. Finally, they export some of their crops to core countries, but keep some as well. |
| Periphery | These countries are much less industrialized which means they rely heavily on raw/cash crops like coffee, cocoa, cotton, and sugar to export to core countries. The farmers often struggle with low wages because most of the profit leaves the country. |
| Colonialism | ________ led to periphery countries growing one or two cash crops to sell to European countries instead of food for their own people. This helped create weaker economies that mainly rely on exporting crops to other countries. |
| Great Green Wall Initiative | An African project made to stop desertification, improve farm land, and to help farmers grow more across the Sehel region by planting trees. They are hoping to reduce poverty and improve the agriculture in the region. |
| Intensive Subsistence Agriculture | farming where people grow a lot of food on small plots of land mainly to feed their families. It uses a lot of human labor and produces high yields per acre but very little extra for selling. |
| Extensive Subsistence Agriculture: | Extensive subsistence agriculture is farming where people use large areas of land with low inputs of labor and technology to feed themselves. It produces low yields per acre and is common in harsh climates where farming is more spread out. |
| Pastoral Nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture where people raise animals to move from place to place since they don’t have a set home. |
| Transhumance | seasonal movement of livestock between summer and winter |
| Commercial Intensive Agriculture | farming that produces large amounts of food or animal products for sale using advanced technology and high inputs like feed, chemicals, and buildings. It focuses on maximizing output and efficiency, often in smaller areas with very high production. |
| Feed Lots | Keeps large numbers of cows pinned up together to make sure they don’t move much, which allows them to grow quicker than usual. |
| Poultry farming | When thousands of chickens are tapped together in one building for their meat or eggs. They are managed and fed constantly for high growth and profit. |
| Commercial Extensive Agriculture | farming done on large areas of land to produce food for sale, using fewer inputs of labor and money per acre. It often involves grazing animals or growing grains where land is plentiful but population density is low. |
| Free Range/Pasture/Ranch | Cows raised on big open farms who are more grass fed and able to have a free ranch (happier lifestyle). They also don’t require as much monitoring, which is why the animals grow more naturally. |
| North | wheat, sunflowers, sugar |
| Northeast | cows (dairy) |
| West | tomatoes, apples, grapes, peaches, plums and prunes, sheep/lambs |
| Midwest | corn, hogs and pigs, soybeans |
| East | Turkeys, chickens |
| South | peanuts, chickens, cotton, watermelons |
| Georgia | peanuts, chicken, cotton |
| California | tomatoes, grapes, peaches, plums and prunes, rice, cows |
| Indiana | turkeys, soybeans, hogs and pigs, corn |
| Great plains | beef cows |
| goat, sheep, pig, cow | Animal Domestication (first 4 animals) |
| food products (corn syrup), ethanol (fuel), animal feed | 3 main usages of excess corn: |
| Pesticides | different spray and chemicals meant to get rid of insects from destroying your crops. |
| Herbicides | a specific type of chemical meant to get rid weeds competing with crops |
| tariffs | (tax on foreign imported goods)- meant to discourage citizens from buying foreign goods and increase amount spent on domestic goods |
| quotas | limiting the amount of a product that can be imported into a country |
| subsidies | governments offering cheap/low interest loans to farmers to help them produce more food. |
| Commodity Chains | all the different steps, tasks, people, profit that is involved to produce the goods to get to customers. It usually starts with growing the product, processing it, transporting it to stores, selling it, and finally being bought by consumers. |
| Supply Chains | a system that focuses on the movement and transportation of goods rather than the whole picture. For example, how a product gets from place to place by storage, transportation, distributors, factories, and stores. |
| Commodity Dependency | when a country (usually periphery) only relies on 1 or 2 cash crops that keep their economy a float. |
| storage and transportation | Infrastructural Issues (peripheral states) |
| Malnourishment | when your body doesn’t get the right nutrients it needs, like vitamins, minerals, or protein. You might be eating enough food, but your body still can’t stay healthy. |
| Undernourishment | when you don’t get enough calories to live or grow properly. It usually happens when people can’t get enough food every day so their growth stunts. |
| Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR) | a group that helps farmers, researchers, and especially women get involved in farming decisions. It works to make farming fairer, better, and more productive around the world. |
| Gender in Agricultural Partnership (GAP) | a program that gives women farmers better access to resources, training, and leadership. Its goal is to close the gap between men and women in farming. |
| Ethiopia, Central African Republic, Burundi, Madagascar, Afghanistan | Top 5 lowest countries in terms of caloric intakes, GDP per capita and population: |
| Norfolk Four Field System | This was a way to grow crops in England during the 2nd Agricultural Revolution. Farmers rotated four crops (wheat, barley, turnips, clover/grass) so animals would stay healthy, make better fertilizer, and crops would grow better. |
| East Asia (china) | tea |
| South America, Andes Mountains | Potatoes |
| Mexico and Central America | Cocoa |
| East Asia and South Asia | Rice |
| East Africa | Coffee |
| Western South America | Tomatoes |
| Southwest Asia and South Asia | Cow |
| Southwest Asia | Sheep |
| East Asia and Southwest Asia | Pig |
| Southwest Asia | Goat |
| Pivot irrigation | a way to water crops in dry areas using a long pipe that spins in a circle. It makes circular fields and keeps crops alive, but it can use a lot of groundwater. |
| Aquaculture | farming fish, shellfish, or other water plants in man-made ponds or tanks. It gives a steady supply to sell, but it’s expensive and can hurt the surrounding environment. |
Created by:
savannah hindman
Popular AP Human Geography sets