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Farmers/Populism
U.S. History
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| economic problems faced by the farmers | -prices for crops were falling -good farming land was scarce (price of land increased) -foreclosure -railroads were charging excessive prices for shipping & storage -debt -railroads were the enemy of the farmers |
| who started Grange? | Oliver Hudson Kelley |
| what is another name for Grange? | Patrons of Husbandry |
| Grange's goal | wanted to provide a social outlet & an educational forum for isolated farm families (defended farmers from railroads) |
| populism | a 19th century political movement demanding that people have a greater voice in government & seeking to advance the interests of farmers & laborers (give people more of a voice) |
| what was the economic platform of populism? | -increase the $ supply, & thus an increase in prices received for goods/services -a graduated income tax (more you make the more you pay) -a federal load program (more credit to farmers |
| what was the government and work week platforms of populisim? | -election of U.S. senators by popular vote (direct election of U.S. Senators) -single terms for president & vice-president (only platform that hasn't come true) -a secret ballot to end vote fraud -8 hr workday & restrictions on immigration |
| the populism platform eventually became the _________ platform | Democratic Party's |
| bimetallism | a monetary system in which the government would give citizens either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks (increased the $ supply because it was easier to get $ and/or a loan) |
| what % of the population of the United States lived in cities in 1900? | 40% (4 in 10) |
| what was the impact of electricity? | -made transportation easier (electric street cars like trolleys & subways) -cities grew up, not out (city skyline & 1st skyscraper) |
| Frederick Olmstead | was appart of city planning: he planned urban parks in cities |
| Daniel Burnham | planned how Chicago was built |
| what was the impact of the printing improvements? | -became faster & cheaper -literacy increased -more people read & knew what was going on |
| what was the impact of the Wright Brothers? | -invented the 1st airplane -travel became easier |
| what was the impact of the photography improvements? | film replaced glass plates (became easier & faster) |
| What were the purposes of education? | -economic development depended on scientific & technological support -improved literacy |
| impact of color of skin on education | African-Americans were mostly excluded from public secondary education |
| describe the change in illiteracy from 1870-1910 | illiteracy decreased (literacy increased) |
| what was the government's view of education & immigrants? | education was needed to "Americanize" immigrants (immigrants were encouraged to go to school) |
| describe the changes in colleges from 1880 to 1920 | more classes were offered (the number of people attending college increased) |
| what was the educational/social views of Brooker T. Washington? | -have patience and move slowly -racism would end once blacks aquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society |
| wat was the educational/social views of W.E.B. DuBois? | -fast approach -Niagara Movement: blacks should seek a liberal arts education so the African-American community would have well-educated leaders |
| Literacy Tests | administered in some states to decide who could vote (a reading test); a way to prevent African-Americans from voting |
| Poll Tax | an annual tax that had to be paid before qualifying to vote; a way to prevent African-Americans from voting |
| Grandfather Clause | if your father or grandfather was able to vote before Jan 1, 1867 (slaves couldn’t vote prior to that date) the person could vote even if they failed the literacy test and/or could not pay the poll tax; a way to prevent African-Americans from voting |
| Jim Crow Laws | racial segregation was put into effect in schools, hospitals, parks, & transportation systems in the South; increased racism |
| segregation | increased with the Jim Crow Laws; the separation of people on the basis of race |
| Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896 | Supreme Court ruled the separation of races in public accommodations legal & didn't violate the 14th Amendment; "separate but equal"; whites/blacks were separated but had equal accommodations |
| main method of killing African-Americans | lynching |
| examples of discrimination northern blacks faced | segregated neighborhoods; labor unions discouraged black membership; they were hired as a last resort & were fired before whites were |
| contributions of Mexican-Americans in the southwest | were used to hot, dry climate & so were more apt to building railroads; helped develop mining & agriculture; PROVIDED LABOR |
| importance of leisure | have fun/bring happiness; escape boring work; avoid city congestion; leisure time increased during this time; more free time; more freedom for women |
| bicycling freed who from the ever-present chaperone | women |
| 2 favorite spectator sports | boxing and baseball |
| new technology promoting mass culture was | movies, media, and mass printing |
| Joseph Pulitzer | "sin, sex, and sensation"; made the large Sunday edition: comics, sports coverage, and women's news |
| William Randolph Hearst | exagerated stories of personal scandals, cruety, hypnotism, and even an imaginary conquest of Mars |
| most popular literature | dime novels: usually featured adventure stories (stories about the old west) |
| Mark Twain | inspired young authors; wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn; 1st famous American novelist and humorist |
| Marshall Fields | 1st department store (located in Chicago) |
| Woolworth | sold goods for less by buying in quantity and limiting personal service (invented the "bargan"); the 1st chain store |
| Wards/Sears | developed catalogues; allowed people living outside the city to buy items that the city people bought |
| Rural Free Delivery | packages could be delivered directly to your home |
| mass culture | messages received by millions (newspapers, magazines) |
| progressive era | a time when the government became more involved in the economy and peoples lives |
| problems of growth | low wages; bad working conditions; lack of civil rights; many poor (few extremely rich) |
| main belief of progressives | make the constitution apply to the country in the 20th century |
| model progressive state | Wisconsin was the 1st to say government needs to be more involved |
| Bob LaFollette | a leading progressive; govenor; senator |
| Wisconsin Idea | state universities need to help the government pass good reforms |
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