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8th grade Unit 1-6
8th Grade Science Key Terms/Ideas Units 1-6 2nd Edition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Note Taking | Writing down important information to help remember and understand it later |
| Cornell Notes | A note-taking system with notes, cues, and a summary section |
| Scientific Method | A step-by-step process used to investigate questions scientifically |
| Element | A pure substance made of only one kind of atom |
| Hypothesis | A testable prediction or educated guess (could be wrong or right) |
| Law | A scientific rule that describes a pattern in nature (always true) |
| Theory | A well-tested explanation of why something happens (currently correct, but could change) |
| Independent Variable | The variable that is changed in an experiment |
| Dependent Variable | The variable that is measured in an experiment |
| Control | The part of an experiment used for comparison |
| Constant | A factor that stays the same during an experiment |
| Data Taking | Collecting measurements or observations during an experiment |
| Qualitative Data | Descriptive data using words, not numbers (Quality) |
| Quantitative Data | Data using numbers and measurements (Quantity) |
| Accuracy | How close a measurement is to the true value |
| Precision | How consistent repeated measurements are |
| Observation | Information gathered using the senses |
| Inference | A conclusion based on observations |
| Experimental Error | Mistakes or limits that affect results |
| Bias | Favoring one outcome over another unfairly (Opinion) |
| Measuring | Finding the size, amount, or degree of something (remember to guesstimate last digit) |
| Length | The distance from one point to another (cm or m) |
| Mass | The amount of matter in an object (kg or g) |
| Weight | The force of gravity on an object (N or lbs) |
| Volume | The amount of space an object takes up (mL or cubic cm) |
| SI Units | A standard system of measurement also called the metric system |
| Conversions | Changing a measurement from one unit to another (100 cm = 1 m; 60 sec = 1 min) |
| Scientific Notation | A way to write very large or very small numbers using powers of 10 (3.1*10^3 = 3100; 1.2 *10^-3 = 0.0012) |
| Matter | Anything that has mass and takes up space |
| Physical Property | A characteristic that can be observed without changing a substance |
| Density | The amount of mass per unit volume (Density = mass/Volume) |
| Triple Beam Balance | A tool used to measure mass (grams) |
| Archimedes Principle | An object displaces an amount of water equal to its volume |
| Viscosity | How thick or resistant to flow a liquid is |
| Malleability | The ability to be hammered into sheets |
| Ductility | The ability to be stretched into wires |
| Thermal Conductivity | The ability to transfer heat |
| Electrical Conductivity | The ability to transfer electricity |
| Solubility | The ability of a substance to dissolve in another |
| Chemical Property | A property that describes how a substance reacts |
| Reactivity | How easily a substance reacts with others |
| Flammability | The ability to burn |
| Toxicity | How harmful a substance is to living things |
| Acidity | How acidic a substance is |
| Basicity | How basic a substance is |
| Corrosivity | The ability to damage materials |
| Physical Change | A change that does not create a new substance |
| Chemical Change | A change that forms a new substance |
| Bose-Einstein Condensate | A state of matter formed at extremely low temperatures |
| Solid | A state of matter with a definite shape and volume |
| Liquid | A state of matter with a definite volume but no fixed shape |
| Gas | A state of matter with no fixed shape or volume |
| Plasma | A high-energy state of matter with charged particles |
| Endothermic Reaction | A reaction that absorbs heat |
| Exothermic Reaction | A reaction that releases heat |
| Phase Change | A change from one state of matter to another |
| Melting | Changing from solid to liquid |
| Freezing | Changing from liquid to solid |
| Vaporization | Changing from liquid to gas (Boiling and/or Evaporation) |
| Boiling | Rapid vaporization at the boiling point (L to G) |
| Evaporation | Slow vaporization at the surface (L to G) |
| Condensation | Changing from gas to liquid |
| Sublimation | Changing from solid to gas |
| Deposition | Changing from gas to solid |
| Atom | The smallest unit of an element |
| Molecule | Two or more atoms chemically bonded |
| Compound | A substance made of two or more elements chemically combined |
| Mixture | A combination of substances not chemically combined |
| Solution | A homogeneous mixture |
| Solvent | The substance that does the dissolving |
| Solute | The substance that is dissolved |
| Homogeneous | Not evenly mixed (Can see layers or "floaties") |
| Colloid | A mixture with medium-sized particles that scatter light |
| Tyndall Effect | Scattering of light in colloids and suspensions |
| Heterogeneous | Not evenly mixed |
| Suspension | A mixture with large particles that settle out |
| Temperature | The average kinetic energy of particles |
| Absolute Zero | The lowest possible temperature (0 K) |
| Heat | Energy transferred due to temperature differences |
| Specific Heat Capacity | The amount of heat needed to raise temperature |
| Conduction | Heat transfer by direct contact |
| Convection | Heat transfer by movement of fluids |
| Radiation | Heat transfer by electromagnetic waves |
| Insulator | A material that slows heat transfer |
| Conductor | A material that allows heat transfer |
| Proton | A positively charged particle in the nucleus |
| Neutron | A neutral particle in the nucleus (n) |
| Electron | A negatively charged particle (e-) |
| Nucleus | The center of an atom (p+ and n are found) |
| Electron Cloud | The region where electrons move (e- are found) |
| Atomic Number | The number of protons in an atom |
| Mass Number | The total number of protons and neutrons |
| Isotope | Atoms of the same element with different neutrons |
| Ion | An atom with a charge (gains or losses e-) |
| Periodic Table | A chart organizing elements |
| Valence Electron | An electron in the outermost shell (responsible for bonding) |
| Period | A horizontal row on the periodic table (shows amount of NRG lvls) |
| Group | A vertical column on the periodic table (show V electrons) |
| Metal | An element that is shiny and conductive |
| Nonmetal | An element that is dull and not conductive |
| Metalloid | An element with properties of metals and nonmetals |
| Alkali Metal | Highly reactive metals in Group 1 |
| Alkaline-Earth Metal | Reactive metals in Group 2 |
| Transition Metal | Metals in the center of the periodic table (usually Solid) |
| Halogen | Very reactive nonmetals in Group 17 |
| Noble Gas | Unreactive gases in Group 18 |
| Energy Level | The distance of electrons from the nucleus |
| Law of Conservation of Mass | Mass is not created or destroyed |
| Law of Conservation of Atoms | Atoms are rearranged but not created or destroyed |
| Chemical Equation | A symbolic way to show a chemical reaction (___ --> ___) |
| Reactant | Starting substance in a reaction |
| Product | Substance formed in a reaction |
| Coefficient | A number showing how many molecules (before atoms/molecule) |
| Subscript | A small number showing atoms in a molecule (after atom) |
| Combustion Reaction | A reaction involving oxygen and fuel |
| Synthesis Reaction | Two or more substances combine |
| Decomposition Reaction | One compound breaks apart |
| Single-Replacement Reaction | One element replaces another |
| Double-Replacement Reaction | Two compounds exchange ions |
| Catalyst | A substance that speeds up a reaction (does not get used up) |
| pH Scale | A scale measuring acidity and basicity (0 -14) |
| Acid | A substance with a pH less than 7 |
| Base | A substance with a pH greater than 7 |
Created by:
Spang
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