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Mesopotamia
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Artisans | Skilled workers who make goods by hand. Many Sumerians were artisans who created metal, cloth, and pottery. |
| Astronomer | A person who studies the stars and planets. |
| Assyrians | A people who built a great army to protect their lands, which were located between the Persian Gulf and the Euphrates River. They were the first large army to use iron weapons. |
| Babylon | The capital city of the Chaldean Empire, rebuilt by King Nebuchadnezzar. It became rich due to its location on a trade route between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf. |
| Caravan | A group of traveling merchants. |
| Chaldeans | The group that rebelled against and defeated the Assyrians in 612 B.C. They established the New Babylonian Empire. |
| Cuneiform | An ancient writing system that involved cutting wedge-shaped marks into clay tablets. |
| Epic of Gilgamesh | A long poem written in cuneiform that tells the story of a hero who travels the world performing great deeds. |
| Fertile Crescent | A region that includes parts of the modern countries of Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan. |
| Gilgamesh | The hero of the Sumerian epic poem who travels the world performing great deeds. |
| Hammurabi | A Babylonian king who wrote a famous legal code that covered most areas of daily life. |
| Hanging Gardens | A feature of the city of Babylon, built by Nebuchadnezzar, that was known as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. |
| Hittites | A people who taught the Assyrians how to use stronger metals, such as iron, for weaponry. |
| Mesopotamia | The region where the world's first empire was created by Sargon. It is considered the "cradle of civilization." |
| Nebuchadnezzar | The Chaldean king who rebuilt the city of Babylon and funded his projects by collecting very high taxes. |
| New (Neo) Babylonian Empire | An alternative name for the Chaldean Empire. |
| Nineveh | The capital city of the Assyrian Empire and the site of one of the world's first libraries, which held 25,000 tablets. |
| Persians | A mountain people who captured the city of Babylon in 539 BCE. |
| Province | A political district. |
| Sargon | The ruler who conquered all the peoples of Mesopotamia, creating the world's first empire. |
| Scribes | The few Sumerians who learned how to write. Because this skill was rare, they often held high positions in society. |
| Sumerians | An early Mesopotamian people whose achievements included developing a moon-based calendar. Their first kings were probably war heroes, and their society included artisans, merchants, farmers, fishers, and scribes. |
| Ziggurat | A Sumerian, pyramid-shaped structure with a temple at the top, built to honor their chief god. |
| silt | small particles of soil that is left on a river bank after a flood. It is good soil for farming. |
| irrigation | A method of watering crops-digging canals that go from a river to fields. |
| surplus | extra amounts of food |
| City-State | cities that have their own governments and economic systems |
| Polytheism | The belief in many gods |
| Empire | a group of many different lands under one ruler |
| tribute | forced payments to the Assyrian Empire |
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