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AP Human Geography 4

TermDefinition
Political Geography → Study of spatial organization of political systems → Explains borders, power, and conflict
Political Map → Shows countries and territories at a specific time → Political boundaries change
State (Country) → Independent political unit with defined territory & government → Basic unit of political geography
Independent State → Governs itself → Not controlled by another state
Sovereign State → Supreme authority within borders → Key to territorial control
Nation → Group with shared culture tied to a homeland → Can exist without a state
Nation-State → Nation & state boundaries match → Ideal but rare (Japan)
Nationalism → Loyalty to a nation → Can unify or cause conflict
Stateless Nation → Nation without its own state → Kurds
Multinational State → State with multiple nations → Canada
Multistate Nation → One nation across multiple states → Koreans
Autonomous Region → Self-governing area within a state → Reduces conflict
Semi-Autonomous Region → Limited self-rule → Less independence
Self-Determination → Right to choose political status → U.S. independence
Core Area → Original nucleus of a state → Source of expansion
Core Area Characteristics → Fertile land, resources, defensible terrain → Stability
Escarpments → Steep slopes affecting movement → Influence borders & defense
Globalization → Increased global connections → Weakens traditional sovereignty
Effective Sovereignty → Actual ability to enforce power → Wealthy states have more
African Independence → 1950s–60s decolonization → Rapid change → instability
Latin American Independence → Elite-led revolutions → Similar to U.S. path
Devolution → Transfer of power from central government → UK, Spain, Canada
Ethnonationalism → Nationalism based on ethnicity → Drives devolution
Territorial Forces → Distance, barriers, isolation → Encourage autonomy
Neocolonialism → Indirect economic/political control → Creates dependency
Core States → Wealthy, industrialized, powerful → Control global markets
Peripheral States → Less developed, raw material exporters → Economically dependent
Africa Neocolonialism → Single export economies → Cocoa, cobalt
Latin America Neocolonialism → Foreign investment & dependency → Paraguay exception
Shatterbelt → Region of ongoing conflict between powers → Middle East
Chokepoint → Narrow passage controlling movement → Strategic importance
Strait → Narrow waterway connecting seas → Trade & military routes
Territoriality → Strategy to control land & people → Requires borders
Compact State → Efficient governance → Circular shape
Fragmented State → Separated parts → Harder to govern
Elongated State → Long & narrow → Communication issues
Perforated State → Surrounds another state → Italy
Enclave → Surrounded by another state → Lesotho
Exclave → Separated territory → Alaska
Pene-Enclave → Nearly enclosed → Point Roberts
Boundary → Legal division of territory → Manages conflict
Borderland → Cultural blending zone → Tex-Mex
Frontier → Weak state control → Marginal areas
Antecedent Boundary → Before settlement → Stable
Subsequent Boundary → After settlement → Reflects politics
Consequent Boundary → Matches cultural differences → Reduces conflict
Superimposed Boundary → Ignores culture → Africa
Geometric Boundary → Straight lines → Colonial borders
Relic Boundary → No longer functions → Berlin Wall
Delimited Boundary → Legally defined → Treaty-based
Demarcated Boundary → Physically marked → Fences, signs
Demilitarized Zone → No military presence → Korea
Berlin Conference → Europe divided Africa → Superimposed borders
Buffer State → Weak state between rivals → Reduces conflict
Satellite State → Independent but controlled → Cold War Eastern Europe
UNCLOS → Defines maritime boundaries → Ocean resource rights
Electoral Geography → Geography of voting patterns → Explains political outcomes
Voting District → Area for voting → Population-based
Electoral College → 538 electors, 270 to win → Balances state/popular power
Reapportionment → Redistributing House seats → Based on census
Redistricting → Redrawing boundaries → Political impact
Gerrymandering → Manipulating districts → Election advantage
Packing → Concentrating opposition → Wastes votes
Cracking → Splitting opposition → Dilutes votes
Created by: Kyleah Siemion
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