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West Civ

TermDefinition
Ghassanids and Lakhmids Arab client kingdoms allied with the Byzantine (Ghassanids) and Sasanian (Lakhmids) Empires before Islam. Significance: They acted as buffer states and show the political and religious landscape into which Islam emerged.
Dominicans A Catholic mendicant order founded in the 13th century focused on preaching and education. Significance: Played a major role in combating heresy and developing university theology.
Hijra Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to Medina in 622. Significance: Marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar and the formation of the first Muslim community (umma).
Francis of Assisi Founder of the Franciscan Order, emphasizing poverty and humility. Significance: Represented a shift toward personal piety and reform within the medieval Church
Amsar (Garrison Cities) Military settlements established during early Islamic conquests. Significance: Helped control conquered territories and spread Islamic governance.
Abbasids Islamic dynasty that overthrew the Umayyads in 750. Significance: Oversaw a golden age of learning, trade, and cultural exchange centered in Baghdad.
“Slap of Anagni” (1303) Conflict where agents of the French king assaulted Pope Boniface VIII. Significance: Demonstrated declining papal authority and rising royal power.
Theoderic Ostrogothic king who ruled Italy after Rome’s fall. Significance: Showed cooperation between Germanic rulers and Roman traditions.
Cathars Christian dualist heretics in southern France. Significance: Their suppression led to crusades and increased Church control.
Charles Martel Frankish leader who defeated Muslim forces at Tours (732). Significance: Strengthened Carolingian power and halted Islamic expansion in Western Europe.
The Great Famine (1315–1322) Widespread starvation due to climate and crop failure. Significance: Weakened populations before the Black Death.
Correctio Carolingian effort to reform society and education. Significance: Improved literacy and religious uniformity.
Warfare in the Hundred Years War Conflict between England and France (1337–1453). Significance: Marked decline of knights and rise of professional armies.
Alfred the Great King of Wessex who resisted Viking invasions. Significance: Promoted learning and helped form England.
Courtly Love Medieval literary tradition emphasizing idealized romance. Significance: Influenced social norms and literature.
Treaty of Verdun (843) Divided Charlemagne’s empire among his grandsons. Significance: Foundation of modern France and Germany.
Chivalry Code of conduct for knights. Significance: Combined warfare, honor, and Christian values.
Castellans Local lords controlling castles. Significance: Central to feudal power and decentralization.
Popolo Urban commoners in Italian city-states. Significance: Challenged elite political control.
Assarting Clearing forests for farming. Significance: Increased agricultural output and population growth.
Venetian Republic Maritime city-state governed by merchant elites. Significance: Dominated Mediterranean trade.
Cluny Reforms Monastic reform movement emphasizing independence from secular rulers. Significance: Sparked wider Church reform.
Humanism Renaissance intellectual movement focused on classical texts. Significance: Shifted education toward secular subjects.
Investiture Conflict Struggle between popes and kings over appointing bishops. Significance: Redefined Church-state relations.
Renaissance Princes Rulers who patronized art and learning. Significance: Used culture to legitimize political power.
Scholasticism Method of learning using logic and debate. Significance: Dominated medieval universities.
Devshirme Ottoman practice of recruiting Christian boys for state service. Significance: Strengthened centralized authority.
Thomas Aquinas Theologian who merged Aristotle with Christianity. Significance: Shaped Catholic doctrine.
Henry the Navigator Portuguese prince sponsoring exploration. Significance: Helped launch European global expansion.
Created by: user-2011063
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