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history exam
I need a mock matching terms to definitions exam with the terms on this file.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Servian Reforms | Early Roman reforms attributed to Servius Tullius that organized citizens into wealth-based classes and military centuries. |
| Centurion Assembly | A Roman voting body organized by centuries where wealthier classes had greater influence. |
| Aventine Hill | One of Rome’s Seven Hills, historically associated with the plebeians and political protest. |
| Mancipatio | A formal Roman legal ceremony used for transferring ownership of important property. |
| Canuleian Law | The 445 BCE law allowing intermarriage between patricians and plebeians. |
| Consul | One of the two annually elected chief magistrates who led the Roman state and army. |
| An elected plebeian official who could veto actions of magistrates to protect the common people. | |
| Cincinnatus | A model Roman citizen-farmer who briefly held dictatorship and relinquished power immediately after the crisis. |
| Triumph | A grand ceremonial procession celebrating a Roman general’s major military victory. |
| Punic Wars | Three wars between Rome and Carthage that established Rome as the dominant Mediterranean power. |
| Hannibal | Carthaginian general who invaded Italy using war elephants during the Second Punic War. |
| Tithes | A tenth of produce or income paid as a tax or offering. |
| Tribute | Payment made by a defeated region or people to Rome as a sign of submission. |
| Gracchi Brothers | Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, reformers who attempted land redistribution to aid the poor. |
| Optimates | A conservative political faction in Rome favoring the power of the Senate. |
| Populares | A political faction that sought support from the people through popular reforms. |
| Latin League | A confederation of Latin communities that initially allied with and later opposed early Rome. |
| Gaius Marius | Roman general and consul who reformed the army by recruiting landless citizens. |
| Italian Revolt | The Social War (91–88 BCE) in which Rome’s Italian allies fought for citizenship rights. |
| Lucius Cornelius Sulla | Roman general and dictator who marched on Rome and enacted constitutional reforms. |
| Spartacus | Thracian gladiator who led a major slave revolt against Rome from 73–71 BCE. |
| Marcus Licinius Crassus | Wealthy Roman general who defeated Spartacus and joined the First Triumvirate. |
| Gnaeus Pompey | Celebrated Roman general and member of the First Triumvirate who later opposed Caesar. |
| Gaius Julius Caesar | Roman general and statesman who ended the Republic and became dictator. |
| First Triumvirate | Informal political alliance between Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. |
| “Crossing the Rubicon” | Caesar’s decisive act of marching his army into Italy, starting civil war. |
| Julian Calendar | Calendar introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BCE, basis of the modern Western calendar. |
| Second Triumvirate | Political alliance of Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed after Caesar’s assassination. |
| Lepidus | Member of the Second Triumvirate who eventually lost power to Octavian. |
| Marc Antony | Caesar’s ally and member of the Second Triumvirate who later fought Octavian. |
| Octavian Augustus | Julius Caesar’s heir and first Roman emperor, establishing the Principate. |
| Battle of Actium | Naval battle (31 BCE) where Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra. |
| Harrod the Great | Client king of Judea known for massive building projects and political instability. |
| Principate | The political system established by Augustus where emperors held power behind republican forms. |
| Pax Romana | A long period of relative peace and stability throughout the Roman Empire (27 BCE–180 CE). |
| Tiberius | The second Roman emperor and successor to Augustus. |
| Battle of Teutonburg Forest | The 9 CE disaster where Germanic tribes destroyed three Roman legions. |
| Proconsuls | Governors of Roman provinces, often former consuls with extended authority. |
| Caligula | Early Roman emperor known for erratic and autocratic behavior. |
| Praetorian Guard | The elite guard unit assigned to protect the Roman emperor. |
| Gladitorial Combats | Armed fights between gladiators performed as public entertainment. |
| Circus Maximus | Rome’s largest stadium, used mainly for chariot races. |
| Horace | Roman poet known for his Odes and Satires under Augustus. |
| Vergil | Author of the Aeneid, Rome’s national epic. |
| Livy | Historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome from its founding. |
| Ovid | Roman poet famous for the Metamorphoses and love poetry. |
| Claudius | Roman emperor who expanded the empire and improved bureaucracy. |
| Nero | Roman emperor remembered for tyranny and the Great Fire of Rome. |
| Seneca | Stoic philosopher and tutor of Nero. |
| Boudicca | Queen of the Iceni who led a revolt against Roman rule in Britain. |
| Zealots | Radical Jewish group advocating violent resistance to Roman occupation. |
| Year of Four Emperors | The chaotic year 69 CE when four emperors ruled in rapid succession. |
| Great Fire of Rome | The devastating fire of 64 CE that destroyed much of the city. |
| Colosseum | Rome’s large amphitheater built for gladiatorial games. |
| Vespasian | Emperor who restored stability after the civil wars and began the Flavian dynasty. |
| The Jewish Revolt | The major revolt (66–73 CE) of Judea against Roman rule. |
| Titus | Emperor who completed the Colosseum and responded to the eruption of Vesuvius. |
| Vesuvius | Volcano that erupted in 79 CE, burying Pompeii and Herculaneum. |
| Trajan | Emperor under whom Rome reached its greatest territorial extent. |
| Hadrian | Emperor known for consolidating the empire and building Hadrian’s Wall. |
| Pantheon | Monumental Roman temple rebuilt under Hadrian with a massive concrete dome. |
| Commodus | Emperor whose misrule contributed to the empire’s instability. |
| Marcus Aurelius | Stoic philosopher-emperor known for the Meditations. |
| Severan Dynasty | Imperial dynasty (193–235 CE) marked by military dominance and instability. |
| Elagabalus | Controversial Severan emperor known for religious eccentricity. |
| Imperial Crisis | The 3rd-century period of political chaos, invasions, and economic collapse. |
| Barracks Emperors | Short-lived emperors elevated by the army during the 3rd-century crisis. |
| Diocletian | Emperor who stabilized the empire and initiated major reforms including the Tetrarchy. |
| Tetrarchy | Diocletian’s system dividing imperial authority among four rulers. |
| Maximum Price Index | Diocletian’s edict attempting to control inflation by fixing prices. |
| Constantine | First Christian emperor who reunited the empire and reformed administration. |
| Battle of Milvian Bridge | The 312 CE battle where Constantine defeated Maxentius after a religious vision. |
| Constantinople | Capital city founded by Constantine on the site of Byzantium. |
| Edict of Milan | The 313 CE decree granting religious tolerance to Christians. |
| Chi Rho | Christian symbol representing Christ, used by Constantine. |
| Christianity | Monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. |
| Helena | Constantine’s mother, revered for her role in promoting Christianity. |
| Donatists | Christian sect in North Africa that rejected clergy seen as compromised during persecution. |
| Arians | Followers of Arius who believed Jesus was subordinate to God the Father. |
| Council of Nicaea | The 325 CE council that established orthodox Christian doctrine. |
| Homoian Theology | A form of Arian thought that claimed the Son was like the Father but not identical. |
| Julian the Apostate | Emperor who attempted to restore paganism and reverse Christianization. |
| Valentinian I & Valens | Brothers who ruled the Western and Eastern Empires respectively in the late 4th century. |
| Cult of Mithras | Mystery religion popular among Roman soldiers involving the god Mithras. |
| Plotinus | Philosopher who founded Neoplatonism. |
| Manichaeism | Dualistic religion combining elements of Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Gnosticism. |
| Ambrose of Milan | Influential bishop who shaped Christian doctrine and imperial policy. |
| Hypatia | Alexandrian philosopher and mathematician killed by a Christian mob. |
| Pope Leo the Great | Pope who negotiated with Attila the Hun and strengthened papal authority. |
| Pilgrimages | Religious journeys to sacred sites for devotion or penance. |
| Asceticism | Practice of severe self-discipline for spiritual purposes. |
| Simeon the Stylite | Christian ascetic who lived atop a pillar for decades. |
| Latifundia | Large agricultural estates worked by slaves or tenant farmers. |
| Coloni | Tenant farmers bound to the land in late Roman agriculture. |
| Vulgate Bible | Latin translation of the Bible by Jerome, later the Church’s standard text. |
| Aurelius Augustine | Influential Christian theologian and bishop known for Confessions and City of God. |
| Barbarization | Increasing reliance on non-Roman soldiers within the Roman army. |
| Huns | Nomadic group from Central Asia who pressured Roman frontiers. |
| Romulus Augustulus | Commonly considered the last western Roman emperor, deposed in 476 CE. |
| Vandals | Germanic group who sacked Rome in 455 CE and ruled North Africa. |
| Visigoths | Germanic people who migrated into the empire and sacked Rome in 410 CE. |
| Alaric | Visigoth king who led the sack of Rome in 410 CE. |
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