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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two cash flow sources from a bond? | Coupon payments and face value at maturity |
| What happens when coupon rate = YTM? | Bond sells at par |
| What happens when coupon rate > YTM? | Bond sells at a premium |
| What happens when coupon rate < YTM? | Bond sells at a discount |
| What is the relationship between interest rates and bond prices? | They move in opposite directions |
| What type of bonds have the lowest yield spreads? | Investment-grade bonds (BBB or higher) |
| What type of bonds have the highest yield spreads? | Junk bonds (BB or lower) |
| Formula for price of zero-coupon bond? | PV = FV / (1 + r)^n |
| What is YTM? | The discount rate that makes the bond’s present value equal to its market price |
| Two sources of return for stockholders? | Dividends and capital gains |
| Which stock type has voting rights? | Common stock. |
| Which stock type has fixed dividends? | Preferred stock |
| Ways a firm can increase dividends? | Increase earnings, increase payout rate, increase number of shares repurchased |
| Major limitation of DDM? | Only works reliably for firms with stable dividends and growth |
| NPV definition? | Present value of inflows minus initial investment |
| NPV decision rule? | Accept if NPV > 0 |
| IRR definition? | Discount rate that sets NPV = 0 |
| IRR decision rule? | Accept if IRR > required return |
| When can IRR be misleading? | Mutually exclusive projects, multiple IRRs, nonconventional cash flows |
| What is the NPV profile? | A graph showing NPV at different discount rates |
| What is the crossover rate? | The discount rate where two projects have the same NPV |
| What does a positive NPV indicate? | The project adds value to the firm |