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period 5 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| John Tyler | tenth president who focused on westward expansion and annexation |
| Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) | agreement between the US and Britain that settled the Maine Canada border |
| Manifest Destiny | belief that the US was destined to expand across the continent |
| Lewis Cass | senator who promoted popular sovereignty in new territories |
| Sam Houston | leader of the Texas Revolution and first president of the Republic of Texas |
| Mexican-American War | conflict between the US and Mexico over Texas and western lands |
| Oregon Fever | mass movement of settlers to the Oregon Territory seeking farmland and opportunity |
| 49th Parallel | line that became the US Canada boundary in the Oregon Territory |
| Franciscan Missions | Spanish religious settlements in California aimed at converting Native peoples |
| Annexation of Texas | process of adding Texas to the US after its independence from Mexico |
| Annexation of California - Bear Flag Republic | short lived revolt where settlers declared California independent before US takeover |
| John C Fremont | explorer and military leader who helped seize California during the war |
| James K Polk | expansionist president who led the US during the Mexican American War |
| Winfield Scott | US general who captured Mexico City to end the war |
| Zachary Taylor | war hero who won major battles and later became president |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | treaty ending the war giving the US large western lands |
| Wilmot Proviso | proposal banning slavery in land taken from Mexico |
| Mexican Cession | region gained by the US after the war including California and the Southwest |
| Matthew C Perry | naval officer who opened Japan to trade with the US |
| Gadsden Purchase | land bought from Mexico to build a southern railroad route |
| Clayton-Bulwer Treaty | agreement where the US and Britain agreed to share influence in Central America |
| Popular Sovereignty | idea that voters in a territory should decide on slavery |
| Secession | act of a state leaving the Union |
| Free-Soil Party | political party opposing the expansion of slavery into the territories |
| California Gold Rush | mass migration to California after gold was discovered in 1848 |
| Compromise of 1850 | package of laws easing sectional tension over slavery and statehood |
| The Great Debate | congressional arguments over the Compromise of 1850 |
| Stephen A Douglas | senator who promoted popular sovereignty and the Kansas Nebraska Act |
| Nativism | preference for native born Americans and distrust of immigrants |
| Fugitive Slave Law | law requiring the capture and return of escaped enslaved people |
| Underground Railroad | secret network helping enslaved people escape to freedom |
| Harriet Tubman | conductor on the Underground Railroad who rescued many enslaved people |
| Uncle Tom’s Cabin | antislavery novel that increased northern opposition to slavery |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin |
| Franklin Pierce | president whose support of proslavery policies increased sectional tensions |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | law allowing popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska ending the Missouri Compromise |
| Bleeding Kansas | violent conflict between proslavery and antislavery settlers in Kansas |
| Sumner-Brooks Incident | attack in Congress where Representative Brooks beat Senator Sumner over an antislavery speech |
| Know-Nothing Party | political party opposed to immigration and Catholic influence |
| Republican Party | political party formed to stop the expansion of slavery |
| John Brown’s Raid on Harper Ferry | attempt to spark a slave rebellion by seizing a federal arsenal |
| James Buchanan | president whose inaction worsened sectional crisis |
| Dred Scott vs Sanford (1857) | Supreme Court case ruling that enslaved people were not citizens and Congress could not ban slavery in territories |
| Lecompton Constitution | proslavery constitution proposed for Kansas statehood |
| Panic of 1857 | economic downturn that hurt northern industry more than the South |
| Abraham Lincoln | president who led the Union during the Civil War and opposed slavery’s expansion |
| Lincoln-Douglas Debates | series of debates over slavery and territory rights during the Illinois senate race |
| Freeport Doctrine | Douglas’s claim that territories could limit slavery by refusing to enforce laws protecting it |
| Fort Sumter | federal fort in South Carolina where the first shots of the Civil War were fired |
| Border States | slave states that stayed in the Union during the war |
| Jefferson Davis | president of the Confederate States |
| Civil War | conflict between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and states rights |
| Ulysses S Grant | Union general who led the army to victory |
| Battle of Bull Run | first major battle of the war showing it would be long and difficult |
| Anaconda Strategy | Union plan to blockade the South and control the Mississippi River |
| Robert E Lee | leading Confederate general |
| Thomas Stonewall Jackson | Confederate general known for holding firm in battle |
| Emancipation Proclamation | order freeing enslaved people in Confederate territory |
| Gettysburg Address | speech by Lincoln redefining the war as a fight for equality and unity |
| Vicksburg | Union victory giving control of the Mississippi River |
| March to the Sea | Shermans destructive campaign through Georgia to weaken the South |
| Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse | final surrender of Lee to Grant ending the war |
| Homestead Act | law giving free western land to settlers |
| Pacific Railway Act | law supporting construction of a transcontinental railroad |
| Thirteenth Amendment | amendment ending slavery |
| Fourteenth Amendment | amendment granting citizenship and equal protection |
| Fifteenth Amendment | amendment protecting voting rights for Black men |
| Radical Republicans | group that wanted strong Reconstruction policies and rights for freedpeople |
| Freedmen’s Bureau | agency providing aid education and support to formerly enslaved people |
| Reconstruction | period of rebuilding the South and integrating freedpeople into society |
| John Wilkes Booth | assassin of Abraham Lincoln |
| Andrew Johnson | president after Lincoln who opposed Radical Reconstruction |
| Black Codes | southern laws restricting rights of freedpeople |
| Sharecropping | farming system trapping many Black families in debt and dependency |
| Thaddeus Stevens | Radical Republican leader pushing for equal rights and strict Reconstruction |
| Carpetbaggers | northern migrants who moved South during Reconstruction |
| Scalawags | southern whites who supported Reconstruction |
| Horace Greeley | newspaper editor and presidential candidate against Grant |
| Klu Klux Klan | white supremacist group using terror to stop Black rights |
| Compromise of 1877 | deal ending Reconstruction by removing federal troops from the South |
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