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socio exam 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| conflict theory overview | human interests based on conflicting interests & research should advance social justice; conflicting interests = oppression of 1 group over another - critical approach: social reality is often hidden below surface by the privileged maintaining power |
| structural functionalism overview | the structures of society do functions to maintain society - social world is orderly & predictable |
| symbolic interactionism overview | studies how ppl view & interpret everyday life - interpretations that individuals put on their own actions & actions of others; how definitions/terms take on social meaning |
| feminist theory overview | examining gender inequality & power dynamics to understand gender roles & universality of gender inequality; gender inequality result of patriarchal values & institutions; 4 waves & 4 strains: liberal, essentialist, socialist, postmodernist |
| social stratification | heart of sociology, nature & origins of inequality, all societies have unequal & uneven distribution of valued resources, we are all implicated in systems of power; uses socially constructed categories of superiority/inferiority |
| caste | social organization system in india - ranked by ritual purity (body: use head -> use feet ex. working in fields), brahmins (priests) to untouchables |
| class | (Marx) a real group - set of people interacting with each other, different classes have differential life chances |
| wealth | total of valued assets (money, property, ex.), accumulated resources that influence class, social stratification & provide opportunity in capitalist society |
| power | manifested when institutionalized advantages are regularly handed to one or more groups over others |
| prestige | the degree of respect with which individuals, their socially valued possessions, and their master statuses are viewed by majority of people in society; can be turned into power |
| class consciousness | an awareness of what is in the best interests of one's class (always aware of this); societies may change when workers become aware of selves as a class |
| poverty | lacking resources for an "adequate" standard of living |
| relative poverty | poverty in comparison to others - people lacking resources that others take for granted; exists in every society |
| gender | the social definitions & expectations associated with being F or M; socially constructed |
| feminism | social movement/perspective seeking gender equality. 4 strains: liberal feminism, essentialist feminism, socialist feminism, postmodernist feminism |
| sexism | belief that there are innate, psychological, behavioural and/or intellectual differences between women & men leading to superiority of one group over another |
| patriarchy | social system in which men hold political, cultural & social power |
| sex segregation | physical separation on the basis of sex into male & female categories |
| gender stratification | unequal distribution of valued resources (wealth, power, prestige, opportunity) between genders |
| occupational sex segregation | concentration of women in certain occupations (semiskilled & unskilled jobs) & men (professional, administrative & managerial) in other occupations |
| pink collar job | women jobs -> low prestige, low pay, no product produced (service jobs) |
| glass ceiling | women prevented from obtaining top positions by invisible "ceiling" of power |
| structural sexism | the (invisible) ways in which the organization of society & its institutions subordinates individuals & groups based on sex classification |
| pluralism | Canada officially upholds cultural pluralism as core value. State in which racial & ethnic groups maintain their distinctiveness but respect each other & have equal access to social resources |
| assimilation | process by which minorities, indigenous peoples, & immigrants lose their distinctive cultural characteristics to become like members of the dominant culture |
| colonialism | a racial or ethnic group from one society takes over & dominates racial/ethnic groups of another society |
| genocide | deliberate annihilation of entire nation or people ex. residential schools, Rwanda |
| charter group | founding/dominant ethnic group that establishes core culture, institutions or power structure in a new society |
| Quebecois (history) | English & French "charter groups", confederation & WWII institution favoured English, Quebec Quiet revolution 1960 & 1966 - urban migration, postwar industrial revolution, rise in Quebec nationalism |
| Indigeneity | 1982 Constitution act defines indigenous peoples of Canada as belonging to major groups: Status Indians (registered), non-status Indians (non-registered), Metis, Inuit. 2021 - indigenous 5% of country's population, ~1m first nations, ~800k Metis, ~70k Inu |
| parti quebecois | French Canada's attempt to redefine its role within Canada has produced vigorous public debate & turmoil; parti Quebecois win in 1976 notified Canada of French nationalism & deepened French-Canadian dissatisfaction |
| racism | belief that there are innate, psychological, behavioural and/or intellectual differences between non-whites & whites leading to superiority & power for whites |
| segregation | physical separation of groups in residence, work & social functions |
| ethnicity | membership in a particular national or cultural group in the world that shares common tradition(s) |
| race | category of people who are believed to share distinct physical characteristics that take on social meaning; not scientifically valid, based on social definitions, something one is socialized into |
| white privilege | (Peggy McIntosh) invisible package of unearned assets that whites are taught not to see that lend them power over non-whites |
| multiculturalism | set of policies & practices developed towards the respect for different cultures in a society (does not eliminate dominance of mainstream culture) |
| visible minority (race) | anybody who appears non-white in colour/race, regardless of place of birth (exc. Indigenous). in Canada gov. = South Asians, Chinese & Blacks |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | theory that if someone believes or predicts something about themselves, they will act according to that belief |
| global economy | interconnected, international network of economic activity, influenced by many factors ex. corporate multinationalism, colonialism, global stratification |
| services (economy) | valued activities that benefit others ex. hair stylist, college instructor, baker |
| goods | valued commodities ranging from necessities (food, clothing) to luxuries (yachts, pools) |
| economy | social institution that organizes production, distribution & control of goods & services |
| capitalism | economic system in which natural resources & means of production are privately owned; extremely powerful, creative process w respect to technology & organization |
| features of capitalist economies | characterized by private ownership of wealth producing property, pursuit of personal profit, free competition & consumer sovereignty - free market w "no" gov interference, consumer dictates value, producers compete |
| socialism | economic system in which natural resources & means of production are collectively owned |
| socialist economies | characterized by collective ownership of wealth-producing property, pursuit of collective goals, gov. control of economy - centrally controlled, focus on genuine need of consumers, limits on personal choice for benefit of public |
| alienation | disconnection of individuals from others, meaningful work, or themselves - under capitalism, workers separated from products of their labour, coworkers & themselves |
| communism | economic system in which natural resources & means of production are communally owned in a stateless, classless society, eliminates private property & distributed based on need. Opposes capitalism, Marxist ideals |
| laissez-faire | laissez-faire approach to capitalist economy - French for "leave alone" - idea that gov. should not try to manage or interfere in the so-called free market |
| industrialism | societal system based on mass mechanized production, transformed economies from agricultural to manufacturing, urbanization. Industrial revolution 1750 |
| post industrialism | shift from industrial economy dominated by manufacturing jobs to economy dominated by service-oriented information intensive jobs; after WWII, rapid expansion of service sector to produce services rather than things |
| second industrial revolution | introduced mass production technology, spread of white-collar work to staff bureaucracies & growing division of labour, included task & scientific management. Workers in mechanical ways, more precise timing, shift work & electricity erase day & night |
| corporate multinationalism | practice of corporations to have their home base in 1 country & bases in other countries. Allows business to avoid tariffs/costs, access to raw materials, cheap foreign labour, avoidance of gov regulations |
| teritiary work sector | generates services rather than goods, characteristic of post-industrial economies |
| secondary work sector | transforms raw materials into manufactured goods, grows as societies industrialize |
| primary work sector | working w land (generates raw materials from natural environments), pre-industrial |
| primary labour market | white-collar, professional jobs, high income, benefits, high job security, potential for advancement |
| secondary labour market | blue collar; minimal benefits to workers, low skill, low level service sector, low job security, few chances for advancement |
| gatekeepers | those in positions of power who control production & access to knowledge in society |
| structural functionalism perspective on inequalities | inequality serves positive functions in society, contribute to well-being of society as a whole; some groups benefit, others don't |
| symbolic interactionism perspective on inequalities | focuses on meanings, labels & definitions; meanings & definitions contribute to subordinate status of minority groups; stereotypes, self-fulfilling prophecy, labelsg theory, socialization |
| culture of poverty | perpetuates cycle of poverty; feminization of poverty; present gratification; lack of participation in social institutions; feelings of marginality, dependency, powerlessness & inferiority |
| conflict perspective on inequalities | inequality results from manipulation of proletariat from bourgeoisie; economic competition creates & maintains group tensions; capitalists benefit from inequality |
| corporate welfare | laws & policies that benefit corporations & wealthy ex. low interest gov. |
| government regarding economy | gov. influences what companies can produce, the quality & cost of products, export & import regulations |
| prejudice v. discrimination | negative attitude towards an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority, discrimination = prejudiced beliefs in action |
| expulsion/population transfer | dominant group forces subordinate group to leave the country or live only in designated areas of country ex. gaza strip, first nations reserves |
| acculturation | learning another groups culture (language, customs) |
| gender socialization | gender identity, role, role expectations taught thru agents of socialization; "ideal type" (Weber) characteristics of fem & masc, ex. long/short hair, slim/tall, slut/player, emotional/stoic |
Created by:
AntBanana
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