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The 13 Colonies
Unit 02 - The 13 Colonies
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What was the British policy of 'salutary neglect' regarding the American colonies before 1760? | "It was a policy of leaving the colonies to govern themselves, create their own laws, and elect assemblies, as long as Britain controlled their trade." |
| "According to the economic theory of mercantilism, what must a country do to become wealthy?" | "A country must export more goods than it imports, collect raw materials from colonies, and maintain control of the seas." |
| "The _____ Acts required American colonists to sell key products like sugar, tobacco, and cotton only to the British." | Navigation |
| What did the British Restraining Acts of 1699 prohibit the American colonists from doing? | They were prevented from selling any of their own finished or manufactured products. |
| "In the triangular trade, what was the horrific sea journey that transported enslaved Africans to the Americas called?" | The Middle Passage. |
| What were two primary reasons for the shift from indentured servitude to race-based slavery in the colonies? | "Fewer people were willing to become indentured servants as England's economy improved, and enslaved people were a cheaper, permanent labor source." |
| Term: Race-Based Slavery | "A system where an individual's status as enslaved or free is determined by their skin color, is lifelong, and is passed down by birth." |
| A Maryland law passed in 1664 established that the children of enslaved mothers would also be _____. | held in slavery for life |
| "What was the main purpose of the Mayflower Compact, signed in 1620?" | It was an agreement to establish a system of self-governance for the Plymouth colony. |
| Why was the abandoned Wampanoag village at Plymouth an ideal spot for the Pilgrims to settle? | "A smallpox epidemic had killed up to 90% of the native population, leaving the land cleared and open for settlement." |
| Who was the Wampanoag sachem (leader) who initially formed an alliance with the Pilgrims? | Massasoit. |
| What strategic reason did Massasoit have for allying with the English Pilgrims? | He needed allies against the rival Narragansett tribe after the Wampanoag were weakened by disease. |
| "Who was Tisquantum, also known as Squanto?" | "A Pawtuxet man who had been kidnapped and sold into slavery, learned English, and later served as a crucial interpreter for the Pilgrims." |
| What was the immediate event that sparked King Philip's War in 1675? | "The execution of three Wampanoag men by the Puritans for the murder of John Sassamon, a Christian Indian informant." |
| What was the long-term impact of King Philip's War on the Native American population of New England? | "The Native American population was decimated, with about 40% killed or sold into slavery, and they never recovered their power." |
| Term: House of Burgesses | "The assembly of elected representatives in colonial Virginia, one of the earliest forms of government in the English colonies." |
| The Jamestown colony's survival and economic success were ultimately secured by the cultivation of what cash crop? | Tobacco. |
| "The harsh winter of 1609-1610 in Jamestown, marked by severe famine and disease, is known as the _____." | starving time |
| What theory about the Jamestown deaths is supported by evidence of a seven-year drought and accounts of cannibalism? | Starvation. |
| "What theory suggests Jamestown settlers died from drinking brackish, salty water contaminated with fecal matter, leading to diseases like dysentery and typhoid?" | Poor water supply. |
| What physical characteristics of the New England colonies made large-scale plantation farming impractical? | "A cold climate, short growing season, and rocky, hilly soil." |
| The economies of coastal towns in the New England colonies were dominated by what three industries? | "Fishing, whaling, and shipbuilding." |
| Why were the Middle Colonies known as the 'breadbasket' of the 13 colonies? | "Their longer growing season and fertile soil allowed for the abundant production of grain crops like wheat, barley, and rye." |
| "Which religious group, known for their beliefs in equality, pacifism, and fair dealings with Native Americans, founded Pennsylvania?" | The Quakers. |
| Who led the Quakers in establishing the colony of Pennsylvania? | William Penn. |
| "The economy of the Southern Colonies was dominated by large farms called _____ that grew cash crops like tobacco, rice, and indigo." | plantations |
| What was Bacon's Rebellion? | "An armed rebellion in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon, consisting of indentured servants and enslaved Africans against the wealthy planter class." |
| What was the original purpose for the founding of the Georgia colony by James Oglethorpe? | To create a colony for people who had been jailed in England for debt. |
| Term: Indentured Servant | An individual from Europe who agreed to work as a servant for a period of years in exchange for paid passage to the colonies. |
| "In his letter to the King of Portugal, what did King Nzinga Mbemba of the Kongo claim was happening to his country?" | "He claimed his country was being completely depopulated by the slave trade, with his own relatives and noblemen being kidnapped and sold." |
| Who was Olaudah Equiano? | A formerly enslaved man whose autobiography described the horrors of being captured and transported across the Atlantic on a slave ship. |
| A Virginia law passed in 1691 outlawed what type of relationship to enforce racial separation? | Interracial marriage between white people and Black or Indian people. |
| How did the Puritans in the Massachusetts Bay Colony intertwine government and religion? | "The colony's laws were based on the Puritan interpretation of the Bible, and only Puritans were allowed to live there." |
| "What was a common form of punishment in Puritan New England, designed to publicly shame lawbreakers?" | Being locked in the stocks in the center of town. |
| The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 resulted in over 200 accusations and the execution of how many people? | Twenty people. |
| New York was originally a Dutch colony known as _____ before it was taken by the English in 1664. | New Netherlands |
| Who was Peter Stuyvesant? | He was the governor of New Netherlands who surrendered the colony to the British. |
| What was a significant outcome of Bacon's Rebellion regarding the labor force in Virginia? | It led to a decrease in the use of indentured servants and a corresponding increase in the use of enslaved Africans. |
| "According to slave trade statistics, what percentage of enslaved Africans shipped to the Americas were children?" | 26%. |
| "While 12.5 million Africans were shipped to the Americas, what percentage of them were transported to North America?" | Only 6%. |
| "How did the population of enslaved people in the United States grow to 4 million by the Civil War, despite the low initial importation numbers?" | "The population grew through natural increase, as enslaved people were encouraged to have children to create more laborers." |
| Term: The Planter Class | "The wealthy, upper-class elite of the Southern colonies who controlled the land, politics, and economy through agriculture and enslaved labor." |
| Why did the English colonists' livestock create conflict with the Wampanoag? | "The livestock roamed freely, damaged Native deer traps, and the English charged Indians exorbitant fines for any perceived injuries to the animals." |
| How did English colonists justify the enslavement of Africans? | They argued that Africans were inferior and that enslavement provided an opportunity for them to be introduced to Christianity. |
| What was one of the initial tasks assigned to the settlers of Jamestown by the Virginia Company? | To discover vast amounts of gold. |
| What rule did Captain John Smith implement in Jamestown to combat laziness among the settlers? | Those who wanted to eat were required to work. |
| "In the triangular trade, what kinds of goods were transported from the American colonies to Great Britain?" | "Raw materials such as lumber, furs, dried fish, tobacco, and rice." |
| "In the triangular trade, what goods were transported from the American colonies to Africa?" | "Manufactured goods like rum, iron, gunpowder, cloth, and tools." |
| "According to the source material, which country benefited most from the system of mercantilism and triangular trade?" | "England, because it received cheap raw materials and sold expensive manufactured goods back to the colonies." |
| Term: Apprentice | A person who works for a skilled craftsperson in order to learn that trade. |
| Who was Roger Williams? | A minister who was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his beliefs and subsequently founded Rhode Island on the principle of religious freedom. |
| Who was Anne Hutchinson? | A Puritan woman banished from Massachusetts for holding prayer meetings and expressing religious views that challenged the male clergy. |
| What was the Iroquois Confederacy? | An alliance of six Native American nations in Upper New York state formed to settle disagreements and prevent internal warfare. |
| What was the main purpose of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut? | It was a set of orders created to establish the structure and powers of the government in the Connecticut colony. |
| What was a patroon in the Dutch colonies of New York and New Jersey? | An owner of a large tract of land who rented it out to farmers. |
| The theory that Jamestown settlers were just _____ is challenged by archaeological evidence showing they were well-equipped with tools and supplies. | lazy |
| What were Quakers hanged for in Boston in 1656? | "Speaking about the Quaker religion, which was forbidden by the Puritan authorities." |
| Who was Metacom? | "The son of Massasoit and Wampanoag leader, known to the English as King Philip, who led his people in King Philip's War." |
| In what way did the geography of the Middle Colonies support a diverse economy? | "The region had rich, fertile soil for farming (the 'breadbasket') and major port cities like New York and Philadelphia for trade." |
| "The Dutch colony of New Amsterdam was noted for its religious toleration, with as many as _____ different languages spoken in its streets." | 15 |
| What was the name of the legislative body that governed Great Britain? | Parliament. |
| What cash crop was grown in the Southern colonies for its use in making blue dye? | Indigo. |
| Which group of English settlers fled to the Americas on the Mayflower seeking religious freedom and settled in the Plymouth Colony? | The Pilgrims. |
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