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Reform
Unit 08 - The Era of Reform
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What was the economic and social state of most Americans before the Market Revolution? | About 90% of Americans were self-sufficient farmers who produced most of their own goods and bartered locally. |
| "The _____ was a fundamental change in how people bought, sold, and transported goods, shifting the U.S. from self-sufficiency to a national economy." | Market Revolution |
| Who is credited with bringing the British textile industry to the United States by memorizing the design of a power loom? | Francis Cabot Lowell |
| What was the initial power source for early factories like the Lowell Mills? | Rivers and water power. |
| "What invention, perfected by John Deere, made it possible to farm the tough prairie soil of the Midwest?" | The steel plow |
| "Who mass-produced the mechanical reaper, a machine that greatly increased the efficiency of harvesting wheat?" | Cyrus McCormick |
| What was the primary crop that millions of people in Ireland depended on for food by the mid-1800s? | The potato |
| "The _____ was a disease that destroyed Ireland's main food crop in the 1840s, leading to a massive famine." | Potato Blight |
| What was the purpose of the Temperance Movement? | To reduce the consumption of alcohol in America. |
| Who became the leader of the prison and asylum reform movement after witnessing horrific abuse in a women's prison? | Dorothea Dix |
| What major issue did Dorothea Dix find in the prisons she investigated regarding the housing of inmates? | "The mentally ill, debtors, criminals, and children were all housed together in unsanitary and inhumane conditions." |
| "Who was the Massachusetts legislator who promoted the 'common school' system, arguing for tax-supported public schools for all children?" | Horace Mann |
| "What was the name of the first women's rights convention, held in 1848?" | The Seneca Falls Convention |
| Who were the two main organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention? | Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. |
| "The Declaration of Sentiments, written at the Seneca Falls Convention, was modeled after which famous American document?" | The Declaration of Independence |
| What was the most controversial resolution discussed in the Declaration of Sentiments? | The demand for women's right to vote (suffrage). |
| What was the name of the political party that actively worked to stop Irish immigration and encouraged businesses not to hire Irish workers? | The Know-Nothing Party |
| Name one economic reason native-born Americans discriminated against Irish immigrants. | "They feared that the Irish, who were willing to work for low pay, would drive down wages for American workers." |
| Name one religious reason for discrimination against Irish immigrants. | "Most Irish immigrants were Catholic, and some Americans feared they would be more loyal to the Pope than to the U.S. President." |
| "In political cartoons of the era, the Irish were often depicted with ape-like features. What type of bias technique is this?" | Exaggeration or racist caricature. |
| The young women from New England farms who initially worked in the textile mills in Massachusetts were known as the _____. | Lowell Girls |
| What were the typical working hours for the Lowell Girls in the textile mills? | "12 to 15 hours a day, 6 days a week." |
| What action did the Lowell Girls take on more than one occasion to protest wage cuts and poor working conditions? | "They went on strike, also known as a 'turn out'." |
| "By 1850, which group had largely replaced the New England farm women as workers in the Lowell factories?" | Irish and German immigrants. |
| Term: Abolitionist | A person who wanted to end slavery. |
| Term: Emigration | The act of leaving one's home country to live abroad. |
| What was the Erie Canal? | "A man-made waterway connecting Lake Erie to the Hudson River, which dramatically lowered transportation costs." |
| "Robert Fulton is credited with bringing what transportation innovation to the Hudson River, making travel against the current possible?" | The steamboat |
| The shift from hand manufacturing to machine manufacturing is known as the _____. | Industrial Revolution |
| "Who invented the telegraph, which allowed for rapid long-distance communication?" | Samuel F. B. Morse |
| "Which machine, invented in Britain, automated the process of spinning thread?" | The spinning jenny |
| Which machine automated the process of weaving cloth? | The power loom |
| What was the National Road? | "The first major road paid for by the federal government, which encouraged westward expansion." |
| What did women's rights leaders like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton form to address alcohol abuse? | The first Women's Temperance Society. |
| Sojourner Truth was an escaped slave who became a famous activist for which two causes? | Abolition and women's rights. |
| What was the legal status of a married woman in the mid-1800s? | She had no legal existence separate from her husband and could not sign contracts or keep her own wages. |
| How did the factory system change the nature of work compared to the craft system? | "Work shifted from skilled craftsmen creating an entire product to unskilled laborers performing a single, repetitive task." |
| In what region of the United States did industrialization primarily take hold in the early 1800s? | The Northeast |
| How did the cotton gin impact the institution of slavery in the South? | "It made cotton production far more profitable, which led to a massive increase in the demand for enslaved labor." |
| Term: Apprentice | A person who works for low or no pay in order to learn a craft or trade from a skilled master. |
| "Besides the Declaration of Sentiments, Elizabeth Cady Stanton was also a prominent _____." | Abolitionist |
| What was a 'turnpike'? | A road that required travelers to pay a toll for its use. |
| "The concept of mass-producing identical components, first applied by Eli Whitney to muskets, is known as _____." | Interchangeable parts |
| "What types of dangerous, ill-paid jobs did Irish immigrant men typically take upon arriving in America?" | "Digging ditches and canals, blasting dynamite, or unloading ships." |
| "The use of symbolism, exaggeration, stereotypes, and irony are common techniques for showing _____ in political cartoons." | Bias |
| "As a result of Dorothea Dix's advocacy, states began to open public _____ to provide better care for the mentally ill." | Asylums (or mental hospitals) |
| What were McGuffey's Readers? | Standardized textbooks that provided simple lessons for teachers to follow in the new public schools. |
| What was a key limitation of the education reform movement led by Horace Mann? | The new public schools were generally not open to African American children. |
| Susan B. Anthony was arrested in 1872 for what illegal act? | Attempting to vote. |
| Matilda Joslyn Gage was an activist who advocated for women's rights and also supported the rights of which other group? | Native Americans |
| "According to CA HSS standard 8.6.3, the _____ was the primary cause for the wave of immigration from Ireland." | Great Irish Famine |
| "The study of industrialization, technological developments, and building a network of roads and canals in the Northeast corresponds to which overarching CA HSS standard for 8th grade?" | HSS-8.6: Divergent Paths of the American People (Northeast) |
| "The discussion of working conditions, the labor movement, and strikes by workers like the Lowell Girls falls under CA HSS standard _____." | HSS-8.12.6 |
| How did new transportation like canals and railroads reduce a farmer's independence? | They became more dependent on distant markets for income and on credit to purchase new farm machinery. |
| What was the name of Robert Fulton's pioneering steamboat on the Hudson River? | The Clermont |
| Who was the African American abolitionist that attended the Seneca Falls Convention and argued in favor of women's suffrage? | Frederick Douglass |
| The phrase 'to leave one's home country to live abroad' defines the term ____. | Emigration |
| The phrase 'to go and live permanently in a new country' defines the term ____. | Immigration |
| "One of the grievances in the Declaration of Sentiments was that a man could deny a woman access to _____, as all colleges were closed to her." | A thorough education |
| "In the early 1800s, an economic downturn known as the _____ contributed to an increase in heavy drinking in the United States." | Panic of 1819 |
| What were the 'Washingtonians' in the context of the Temperance Movement? | A non-religious group of reformed alcoholics who gathered to talk about how alcohol abuse had impacted their lives. |
| One success of the prison reform movement was the separation of children from adults into facilities known as _____. | Juvenile detention centers |
| How did the Market Revolution affect the perceived value of women's work within the family? | "As more goods could be bought in stores, the traditional role of women as producers of home goods was seen as less valuable." |
| The cartoon titled 'The Irish Declaration of Independence' uses racist caricature to stereotype Irish women as ____ and ____. | Violent and of a lower social class (dressed as a maid). |
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